music-assistant-server

1"""
2Protocol Linking Mixin for the Player Controller.
3
4Handles all logic for linking protocol players (AirPlay, Chromecast, DLNA) to
5native players or wrapping them in Universal Players.
6
7This module provides the ProtocolLinkingMixin class which is inherited by
8PlayerController to add protocol linking capabilities.
9"""
10
11from __future__ import annotations
12
13import asyncio
14import logging
15from contextlib import suppress
16from copy import deepcopy
17from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
18
19from music_assistant_models.enums import (
20    EventType,
21    IdentifierType,
22    PlaybackState,
23    PlayerFeature,
24    PlayerType,
25    ProviderType,
26)
27from music_assistant_models.errors import PlayerCommandFailed, PlayerUnavailableError
28
29from music_assistant.constants import (
30    CONF_CACHED_ARP_MAC,
31    CONF_GROUP_MEMBERS,
32    CONF_LINKED_PROTOCOL_IDS,
33    CONF_PLAYER_DSP,
34    CONF_PLAYER_QUEUES,
35    CONF_PLAYERS,
36    CONF_PREFERRED_OUTPUT_PROTOCOL,
37    CONF_PROTOCOL_KEY_SPLITTER,
38    CONF_PROTOCOL_PARENT_ID,
39    CONF_REPORTED_MAC,
40    CONF_UNDERLYING_PLAYER_ID,
41    PROTOCOL_PRIORITY,
42    VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
43)
44from music_assistant.helpers.util import (
45    is_locally_administered_mac,
46    is_valid_mac_address,
47    normalize_mac_for_matching,
48)
49from music_assistant.models.player import LinkedOutputProtocol, Player
50from music_assistant.providers.sync_group.constants import CONF_ALLOWED_MEMBERS
51from music_assistant.providers.universal_player import UniversalPlayer, UniversalPlayerProvider
52from music_assistant.providers.universal_player.constants import (
53    CONF_DEVICE_IDENTIFIERS,
54    CONF_DEVICE_INFO,
55)
56
57if TYPE_CHECKING:
58    from collections.abc import Coroutine
59    from typing import Any
60
61    from music_assistant_models.player import OutputProtocol
62
63    from music_assistant import MusicAssistant
64
65# Config value keys that are bookkeeping of the universal player wrapper itself
66# (protocol links and device-identity caches) and must never be carried over
67# when a native player replaces a universal player.
68UNIVERSAL_PLAYER_INTERNAL_CONF_KEYS = (
69    CONF_LINKED_PROTOCOL_IDS,
70    CONF_PROTOCOL_PARENT_ID,
71    CONF_UNDERLYING_PLAYER_ID,
72    CONF_DEVICE_IDENTIFIERS,
73    CONF_DEVICE_INFO,
74    CONF_CACHED_ARP_MAC,
75    CONF_REPORTED_MAC,
76)
77
78
79class ProtocolLinkingMixin:
80    """
81    Mixin class providing protocol linking functionality for PlayerController.
82
83    Handles the complex logic of:
84    - Matching protocol players to native players via device identifiers
85    - Creating Universal Players for devices without native support
86    - Managing protocol links and their lifecycle
87    - Selecting the best output protocol for playback
88
89    This mixin expects to be mixed with a class that provides:
90    - mass: MusicAssistant instance
91    - _players: dict of registered players
92    - _pending_protocol_evaluations: dict of pending protocol evaluations
93    - logger: logging.Logger instance
94    - all(): method to get all players
95    - get(): method to get a player by ID
96    - unregister(): method to unregister a player
97    """
98
99    # Type hints for attributes provided by the class this mixin is used with
100    if TYPE_CHECKING:
101        mass: MusicAssistant
102        _players: dict[str, Player]
103        _pending_protocol_evaluations: dict[str, asyncio.TimerHandle]
104        _delayed_evaluation_lock: asyncio.Lock
105        logger: logging.Logger
106
107        def all_players(  # noqa: D102
108            self,
109            return_unavailable: bool = True,
110            return_disabled: bool = False,
111            provider_filter: str | None = None,
112            return_protocol_players: bool = False,
113        ) -> list[Player]: ...
114
115        def get_player(self, player_id: str) -> Player | None: ...  # noqa: D102
116
117        def unregister(  # noqa: D102
118            self, player_id: str, permanent: bool = False
119        ) -> Coroutine[Any, Any, None]: ...
120
121    def _is_protocol_player(self, player: Player) -> bool:
122        """
123        Check if a player is a generic protocol player without native support.
124
125        Protocol players have PlayerType.PROTOCOL set by their provider, indicating
126        they are generic streaming endpoints (e.g., AirPlay receiver, Chromecast device)
127        without vendor-specific native support in Music Assistant.
128        """
129        return player.state.type == PlayerType.PROTOCOL
130
131    def _evaluate_protocol_links(self, player: Player) -> None:
132        """
133        Evaluate and establish protocol links for a player.
134
135        Called when a player is registered to:
136        1. If it's from a protocol provider - try to link to a native player.
137        2. If it's a native player - try to link any existing protocol players.
138        """
139        if player.state.type == PlayerType.PROTOCOL:
140            # Protocol player: try to find a native parent
141            self._try_link_protocol_to_native(player)
142        elif player.state.type == PlayerType.GROUP:
143            return
144        else:
145            # A player that registers with a non-protocol type can no longer be a
146            # protocol child: drop a leftover persisted parent link (e.g. from a
147            # bridge client that turned web player) so the startup repair pass
148            # doesn't heal its player type back to protocol.
149            if self._get_cached_protocol_parent_id(player.player_id):
150                self._clear_protocol_parent_id(player.player_id)
151            # Native player (including STEREO_PAIR): try to find protocol players to link
152            self._try_link_protocols_to_native(player)
153
154    def _try_link_protocol_to_native(self, protocol_player: Player) -> None:
155        """Try to link a protocol player to a native player."""
156        protocol_domain = protocol_player.provider.domain
157
158        # Derived protocol players (e.g. Sendspin bridges riding on another
159        # protocol) resolve strictly via their underlying player - no identifier
160        # matching or delayed evaluation. If the underlying player has no parent
161        # yet, the link is established by _link_derived_protocols_of as soon as
162        # the underlying player gets linked.
163        if protocol_player.underlying_player_id:
164            self._try_link_derived_protocol(protocol_player)
165            return
166
167        # Check for cached parent_id from previous session and restore link immediately
168        cached_parent_id = self._get_cached_protocol_parent_id(protocol_player.player_id)
169        if cached_parent_id:
170            result = self._try_restore_cached_parent(
171                protocol_player, cached_parent_id, protocol_domain
172            )
173            if result:
174                return
175            # Link was refused or parent has active domain - fall through to search
176
177        # Look for a matching native player
178        if self._try_link_to_existing_player(protocol_player, protocol_domain):
179            return
180
181        # No native player found - schedule delayed evaluation to allow other protocols to register
182        if not protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
183            self._schedule_protocol_evaluation(protocol_player)
184
185    def _try_restore_cached_parent(
186        self, protocol_player: Player, cached_parent_id: str, protocol_domain: str
187    ) -> bool:
188        """
189        Try to restore a cached parent link from a previous session.
190
191        :param protocol_player: The protocol player to link.
192        :param cached_parent_id: The cached parent player ID.
193        :param protocol_domain: The protocol domain (e.g., "airplay").
194        :return: True if handled (linked or waiting), False if should fall through.
195        """
196        if parent_player := self.get_player(cached_parent_id):
197            if parent_player.state.type == PlayerType.GROUP:
198                self._clear_protocol_parent_id(protocol_player.player_id)
199                return False
200            already_linked = any(
201                link.output_protocol_id == protocol_player.player_id
202                for link in parent_player.linked_output_protocols
203            )
204            if already_linked:
205                # Already linked from a previous call - just restore parent and identifiers
206                protocol_player.set_protocol_parent_id(cached_parent_id)
207            else:
208                # Try to add the link (may be refused if domain already has active link)
209                self._add_protocol_link(parent_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain)
210            if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
211                protocol_player.refresh_state()
212                parent_player.refresh_state()
213                # Merge the protocol player's identifiers into the universal player
214                # so identifiers discovered since the last persist (e.g. an
215                # ARP-resolved MAC) are included and new protocol players
216                # (like Sendspin bridges) can match via identifiers.
217                if parent_player.provider.domain == "universal_player" and isinstance(
218                    parent_player, UniversalPlayer
219                ):
220                    for conn_type, value in protocol_player.device_info.identifiers.items():
221                        parent_player.device_info.add_identifier(conn_type, value)
222                    self._update_universal_device_info(parent_player, protocol_player)
223                    # Check if this universal player should now be merged with another
224                    # (e.g., DLNA brought a MAC via ARP that matches an AirPlay universal)
225                    self._check_merge_universal_players(parent_player)
226                return True
227            # Link was refused (domain already active on parent) - fall through
228            return False
229
230        # Parent is not registered yet. Leave the protocol player unparented
231        # so the caller schedules delayed evaluation, which can wait for the
232        # cached parent without stranding the protocol player on a dangling id.
233        return False
234
235    def _try_link_to_existing_player(self, protocol_player: Player, protocol_domain: str) -> bool:
236        """
237        Try to link a protocol player to an existing native or universal player.
238
239        :param protocol_player: The protocol player to link.
240        :param protocol_domain: The protocol domain (e.g., "airplay").
241        :return: True if linked successfully, False if no match found.
242        """
243        # Protocol players should only link to:
244        # 1. True native players (Sonos, etc.)
245        # 2. Universal players
246        # NOT to other protocol players (they get merged via universal_player)
247        for native_player in self.all_players(return_protocol_players=False):
248            if native_player.player_id == protocol_player.player_id:
249                continue
250            if native_player.state.type in (PlayerType.PROTOCOL, PlayerType.GROUP):
251                continue
252
253            # For universal players, check if this protocol player is in its stored list
254            # or if identifiers match (for new protocol players like Sendspin bridges
255            # that weren't previously known to the Universal Player)
256            if native_player.provider.domain == "universal_player":
257                if isinstance(native_player, UniversalPlayer):
258                    is_known = protocol_player.player_id in native_player._protocol_player_ids
259                    is_match = not is_known and self._identifiers_match(
260                        native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain
261                    )
262                    if is_known or is_match:
263                        self._add_protocol_link(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain)
264                        # Check if linking actually succeeded (may be refused for
265                        # duplicate domain)
266                        if not protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
267                            continue
268                        # Merge the protocol player's identifiers into the universal
269                        # player so newly discovered identifiers are included as well
270                        for conn_type, value in protocol_player.device_info.identifiers.items():
271                            native_player.device_info.add_identifier(conn_type, value)
272                        # Update model/manufacturer if universal player has generic values
273                        self._update_universal_device_info(native_player, protocol_player)
274                        # Register newly matched protocol player with the universal player
275                        if is_match:
276                            native_player.add_protocol_player(protocol_player.player_id)
277                        # Persist updated data to config (async via task)
278                        self._save_universal_player_data(native_player)
279                        # Check if this universal player should now be merged with another
280                        self._check_merge_universal_players(native_player)
281                        protocol_player.refresh_state()
282                        native_player.refresh_state()
283                        return True
284                continue
285
286            # Check cached protocol IDs first for fast matching on restart
287            cached_ids = self._get_cached_protocol_ids(native_player.player_id)
288            if protocol_player.player_id in cached_ids:
289                self._add_protocol_link(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain)
290                if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
291                    protocol_player.refresh_state()
292                    native_player.refresh_state()
293                    return True
294                # Link refused (domain duplicate) - try next native player
295                continue
296
297            # Fallback to identifier matching
298            if self._identifiers_match(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain):
299                self._add_protocol_link(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain)
300                if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
301                    protocol_player.refresh_state()
302                    native_player.refresh_state()
303                    return True
304                # Link refused (domain duplicate) - try next native player
305                continue
306
307            # Final fallback: check if any already-linked protocol player on this native
308            # player shares identifiers with the new protocol player ("sibling matching").
309            # This handles native players (e.g., HEOS) that don't have their own MAC/serial
310            # identifiers but have protocol players (e.g., AirPlay) from the same device
311            # that do share identifiers with the new protocol player (e.g., Sendspin bridge).
312            if self._match_via_linked_protocols(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain):
313                return True
314
315        return False
316
317    def _match_via_linked_protocols(
318        self,
319        native_player: Player,
320        protocol_player: Player,
321        protocol_domain: str,
322    ) -> bool:
323        """
324        Try to match a protocol player to a native player via sibling protocol identifiers.
325
326        Check if any of the native player's already-linked protocol players share
327        identifiers with the new protocol player. This handles native players that lack
328        their own device identifiers but have sibling protocols from the same physical device.
329
330        :param native_player: The native player to potentially link to.
331        :param protocol_player: The new protocol player to link.
332        :param protocol_domain: The protocol domain of the new player.
333        :return: True if linked successfully, False if no match found.
334        """
335        for linked in native_player.linked_output_protocols:
336            linked_player = self.get_player(linked.output_protocol_id)
337            if not linked_player:
338                continue
339            if self._identifiers_match(linked_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain):
340                self._add_protocol_link(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain)
341                if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
342                    protocol_player.refresh_state()
343                    native_player.refresh_state()
344                    return True
345                # Link refused (domain duplicate) - stop checking siblings
346                break
347        return False
348
349    def _try_link_derived_protocol(self, protocol_player: Player) -> bool:
350        """
351        Link a derived protocol player to the parent of its underlying player.
352
353        Derived protocol players carry an underlying_player_id declared by their
354        bridge, which makes the parent resolution deterministic: they always join
355        the parent of the player they ride on (or that player itself when it is
356        not a protocol player). Callers must ensure the player is not linked yet.
357
358        :param protocol_player: The derived protocol player to link.
359        :return: True if the player got linked, False if the underlying player
360            (or its parent) is not available yet or the link was refused.
361        """
362        underlying = self.get_player(protocol_player.underlying_player_id or "")
363        if underlying is None:
364            return False
365        if underlying.state.type == PlayerType.PROTOCOL:
366            parent = (
367                self.get_player(underlying.protocol_parent_id)
368                if underlying.protocol_parent_id
369                else None
370            )
371        else:
372            parent = underlying
373        if parent is None or parent.state.type == PlayerType.GROUP:
374            return False
375
376        self._add_protocol_link(parent, protocol_player, protocol_player.provider.domain)
377        if not protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
378            # Link refused (e.g. parent already has an active link from this domain)
379            return False
380
381        if parent.provider.domain == "universal_player" and isinstance(parent, UniversalPlayer):
382            # Track membership and identifiers on the universal player so the
383            # derived protocol restores quickly on the next start.
384            parent.add_protocol_player(protocol_player.player_id)
385            for conn_type, value in protocol_player.device_info.identifiers.items():
386                parent.device_info.add_identifier(conn_type, value)
387            self._save_universal_player_data(parent)
388
389        protocol_player.refresh_state()
390        parent.refresh_state()
391        self.logger.debug(
392            "Linked derived protocol %s to %s (via underlying %s)",
393            protocol_player.player_id,
394            parent.player_id,
395            underlying.player_id,
396        )
397        return True
398
399    def _link_derived_protocols_of(self, underlying_player: Player) -> None:
400        """
401        Link any waiting derived protocol players that ride on the given player.
402
403        Called after a player is linked to a parent (or registered as a native
404        player), so derived protocol players that registered earlier can join
405        the same parent.
406        """
407        for candidate in self.all_players(return_protocol_players=True):
408            if candidate.underlying_player_id != underlying_player.player_id:
409                continue
410            if candidate.protocol_parent_id:
411                continue
412            self._try_link_derived_protocol(candidate)
413
414    def _schedule_protocol_evaluation(self, protocol_player: Player) -> None:
415        """
416        Schedule a delayed protocol evaluation.
417
418        Delays evaluation to allow other protocol players and native players to register.
419        Uses a longer delay (30s) if this protocol player was previously linked to a native
420        player that hasn't registered yet, giving native providers time to start up.
421        """
422        player_id = protocol_player.player_id
423
424        # Cancel any existing pending evaluation for this player
425        if player_id in self._pending_protocol_evaluations:
426            self._pending_protocol_evaluations[player_id].cancel()
427
428        # Check if this protocol player has a cached parent (was previously linked)
429        cached_parent_id = self._get_cached_protocol_parent_id(player_id)
430        if cached_parent_id and not self.get_player(cached_parent_id):
431            # Previously linked to a native player that hasn't registered yet
432            # Use longer delay to give native providers time to start up
433            delay = 45.0
434            self.logger.debug(
435                "Protocol player %s waiting for cached parent %s (45s delay)",
436                player_id,
437                cached_parent_id,
438            )
439        else:
440            # Standard delay for protocol player discovery
441            # Allows time for other protocols and native players to register
442            delay = 15.0
443
444        # Schedule evaluation after the delay
445        handle = self.mass.loop.call_later(
446            delay,
447            lambda: self.mass.create_task(self._delayed_protocol_evaluation(player_id)),
448        )
449        self._pending_protocol_evaluations[player_id] = handle
450
451    async def _delayed_protocol_evaluation(self, player_id: str) -> None:
452        """
453        Perform delayed protocol evaluation.
454
455        Called after a delay to allow all protocol players for a device to register.
456        Decides whether to create a universal player, join an existing one, or
457        promote a single protocol player directly.
458
459        Uses a shared lock to serialize evaluations - multiple protocol players from the
460        same device may trigger concurrent evaluations that would otherwise race each other.
461        """
462        self._pending_protocol_evaluations.pop(player_id, None)
463
464        async with self._delayed_evaluation_lock:
465            protocol_player = self.get_player(player_id)
466            if not protocol_player or protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
467                return
468            if protocol_player.state.type != PlayerType.PROTOCOL:
469                # The player changed type while the evaluation was pending
470                # (e.g. re-registered as a regular player); it must never be
471                # linked as a protocol or wrapped in a universal player.
472                return
473
474            # Derived protocol players resolve strictly via their underlying
475            # player and never match by identifiers or wrap into universal
476            # players; they wait for _link_derived_protocols_of otherwise.
477            if protocol_player.underlying_player_id:
478                self._try_link_derived_protocol(protocol_player)
479                return
480
481            protocol_domain = protocol_player.provider.domain
482
483            # Re-try linking to an existing native/universal player
484            if self._try_link_to_existing_player(protocol_player, protocol_domain):
485                return
486
487            # Check if there's an existing universal player we should join
488            if existing_universal := self._find_matching_universal_player(protocol_player):
489                await self._add_protocol_to_existing_universal(
490                    existing_universal, protocol_player, protocol_domain
491                )
492                if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id is not None:
493                    return
494                # Link refused (domain duplicate) - fall through to create separate UP
495
496            # Refuse to create a universal player wrapper when the cached parent
497            # config exists but is disabled. The user explicitly turned the
498            # parent device off; surfacing its protocols as a separate player
499            # would defeat that intent.
500            cached_parent_id = self._get_cached_protocol_parent_id(player_id)
501            if cached_parent_id:
502                parent_raw = self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{cached_parent_id}")
503                if parent_raw and not parent_raw.get("enabled", True):
504                    self.logger.debug(
505                        "Skipping universal player creation for %s: cached parent %s is disabled",
506                        player_id,
507                        cached_parent_id,
508                    )
509                    return
510
511            # Find all protocol players that match this device's identifiers
512            matching_protocols = self._find_matching_protocol_players(protocol_player)
513
514            # Create or update UniversalPlayer for all protocol players
515            await self._create_or_update_universal_player(matching_protocols)
516
517    def _find_matching_protocol_players(self, protocol_player: Player) -> list[Player]:
518        """
519        Find all protocol players that match the same device as the given player.
520
521        Searches through all registered protocol players to find ones that share
522        identifiers (MAC, IP, UUID) with the given player, indicating they represent
523        the same physical device.
524        """
525        matching = [protocol_player]
526        protocol_domain = protocol_player.provider.domain
527
528        for other_player in self.all_players(return_protocol_players=True):
529            if other_player.player_id == protocol_player.player_id:
530                continue
531            if other_player.state.type != PlayerType.PROTOCOL:
532                continue
533            if other_player.protocol_parent_id:
534                continue
535            if other_player.underlying_player_id:
536                # Derived protocol players follow their underlying player
537                # once it is linked; they never seed a universal player.
538                continue
539            # Skip players from the same protocol domain
540            # Multiple instances of the same protocol on one host are separate players
541            if other_player.provider.domain == protocol_domain:
542                continue
543            if self._identifiers_match(protocol_player, other_player):
544                matching.append(other_player)
545
546        return matching
547
548    def _find_matching_universal_player(self, protocol_player: Player) -> Player | None:
549        """Find an existing universal player that matches this protocol player."""
550        for player in self._players.values():
551            if player.provider.domain != "universal_player":
552                continue
553            if self._identifiers_match(protocol_player, player, ""):
554                return player
555        return None
556
557    async def _add_protocol_to_existing_universal(
558        self, universal_player: Player, protocol_player: Player, protocol_domain: str
559    ) -> None:
560        """Add a protocol player to an existing universal player."""
561        # Refuse if the universal player already has a registered player from this domain.
562        # This prevents a second instance (e.g., two snapcast players on the same host)
563        # from replacing the first. The caller falls through to create a separate UP.
564        for link in universal_player.linked_output_protocols:
565            if link.protocol_domain == protocol_domain and self.get_player(link.output_protocol_id):
566                return
567
568        self._add_protocol_link(universal_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain)
569
570        # Check if linking actually succeeded (may be refused for duplicate domain)
571        if not protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
572            return
573
574        if isinstance(universal_player, UniversalPlayer):
575            universal_player.add_protocol_player(protocol_player.player_id)
576            for conn_type, value in protocol_player.device_info.identifiers.items():
577                universal_player.device_info.add_identifier(conn_type, value)
578            # Update model/manufacturer if universal player has generic values
579            self._update_universal_device_info(universal_player, protocol_player)
580
581            # Persist all player data (protocol IDs, identifiers, device info) to config
582            for provider in self.mass.get_providers(ProviderType.PLAYER):
583                if provider.domain == "universal_player":
584                    await cast("UniversalPlayerProvider", provider)._save_player_data(
585                        universal_player.player_id, universal_player
586                    )
587                    break
588
589            # Check if this universal player should now be merged with another
590            self._check_merge_universal_players(universal_player)
591
592        protocol_player.refresh_state()
593        universal_player.refresh_state()
594
595    def _update_universal_device_info(
596        self, universal_player: UniversalPlayer, protocol_player: Player
597    ) -> None:
598        """
599        Update universal player's device info from protocol player if needed.
600
601        A universal player carries generic placeholder device info
602        (model="Universal Player", manufacturer="Music Assistant") when no real
603        values are known for it (yet). This method updates those values from a
604        protocol player that has real device info.
605        """
606        # Check if universal player has generic placeholder device info
607        device_info = universal_player.device_info
608        protocol_info = protocol_player.device_info
609
610        # Update model if universal player has generic value
611        if device_info.model in (None, "Universal Player") and protocol_info.model:
612            device_info.model = protocol_info.model
613
614        # Update manufacturer if universal player has generic value
615        if device_info.manufacturer in (None, "Music Assistant") and protocol_info.manufacturer:
616            device_info.manufacturer = protocol_info.manufacturer
617
618    def _save_universal_player_data(self, universal_player: UniversalPlayer) -> None:
619        """
620        Save universal player data to config via background task.
621
622        This is a helper to persist player data from synchronous code.
623        """
624
625        async def _do_save() -> None:
626            for provider in self.mass.get_providers(ProviderType.PLAYER):
627                if provider.domain == "universal_player":
628                    await cast("UniversalPlayerProvider", provider)._save_player_data(
629                        universal_player.player_id, universal_player
630                    )
631                    break
632
633        self.mass.create_task(_do_save())
634
635    def _get_known_protocol_ids(self, parent: Player) -> list[str]:
636        """
637        Get all protocol IDs tracked for a parent player.
638
639        Includes both active links and cached/inactive protocol IDs so callers can
640        safely migrate or clean up the full parent/protocol relationship.
641        """
642        result: list[str] = []
643        seen: set[str] = set()
644
645        for linked in parent.linked_output_protocols:
646            if linked.output_protocol_id not in seen:
647                result.append(linked.output_protocol_id)
648                seen.add(linked.output_protocol_id)
649
650        if parent.provider.domain == "universal_player" and isinstance(parent, UniversalPlayer):
651            cached_ids = parent._protocol_player_ids
652        else:
653            cached_ids = self._get_cached_protocol_ids(parent.player_id)
654
655        for protocol_id in cached_ids:
656            if protocol_id not in seen:
657                result.append(protocol_id)
658                seen.add(protocol_id)
659
660        return result
661
662    def _migrate_protocol_ids_to_parent(self, parent: Player, protocol_ids: set[str]) -> None:
663        """
664        Persist protocol ownership on a new parent without requiring active links.
665
666        This is used when protocol ownership moves from one parent to another during
667        promotion/merge flows. Active protocols are already linked in memory, but
668        disabled or temporarily unavailable protocols still need their cached parent
669        relationship moved as well.
670        """
671        if not protocol_ids:
672            return
673
674        if parent.provider.domain == "universal_player" and isinstance(parent, UniversalPlayer):
675            for protocol_id in protocol_ids:
676                parent.add_protocol_player(protocol_id)
677            self._save_universal_player_data(parent)
678        else:
679            conf_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{parent.player_id}/values/{CONF_LINKED_PROTOCOL_IDS}"
680            cached_ids = self._get_cached_protocol_ids(parent.player_id)
681            changed = False
682            for protocol_id in protocol_ids:
683                if protocol_id not in cached_ids:
684                    cached_ids.append(protocol_id)
685                    changed = True
686            if changed:
687                self.mass.config.set(conf_key, cached_ids)
688
689        for protocol_id in protocol_ids:
690            if self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{protocol_id}"):
691                self._save_protocol_parent_id(protocol_id, parent.player_id)
692
693    def _remove_protocol_ids_from_parent(self, parent: Player, protocol_ids: set[str]) -> None:
694        """
695        Remove protocol ownership from a parent before it is permanently cleaned up.
696
697        This prevents `_cleanup_protocol_links` from treating already-migrated
698        protocols as orphaned when the obsolete parent is unregistered.
699        """
700        if not protocol_ids:
701            return
702
703        remaining_links = [
704            link
705            for link in parent.linked_output_protocols
706            if link.output_protocol_id not in protocol_ids
707        ]
708        if len(remaining_links) != len(parent.linked_output_protocols):
709            parent.set_linked_output_protocols(remaining_links)
710
711        if parent.provider.domain == "universal_player" and isinstance(parent, UniversalPlayer):
712            for protocol_id in protocol_ids:
713                parent.remove_protocol_player(protocol_id)
714            if self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{parent.player_id}"):
715                self.mass.config.set(
716                    f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{parent.player_id}/values/{CONF_LINKED_PROTOCOL_IDS}",
717                    parent._protocol_player_ids,
718                )
719        else:
720            for protocol_id in protocol_ids:
721                self._remove_protocol_id_from_cache(parent.player_id, protocol_id)
722
723    def _check_merge_universal_players(self, universal_player: UniversalPlayer) -> None:
724        """
725        Check if another universal player should be merged into this one.
726
727        Called after identifiers are copied from a protocol player to a universal player.
728        When a protocol player brings new identifiers (e.g., MAC from ARP enrichment),
729        the universal player may now match another universal player that was created
730        from a different protocol (e.g., DLNA-based universal player now matches
731        AirPlay-based universal player because they share the same MAC address).
732
733        The universal player with more protocol links absorbs the other one. Only one merge
734        is performed per call; re-evaluation will catch cascading merges.
735        """
736        if not (match := self._find_mergeable_universal_player(universal_player)):
737            return
738        keep, remove = self._select_merge_winner(universal_player, match)
739        self.logger.info(
740            "Merging universal player %s into %s (shared identifiers)",
741            remove.player_id,
742            keep.player_id,
743        )
744        self._merge_universal_players(keep, remove)
745
746    def _find_mergeable_universal_player(
747        self, universal_player: UniversalPlayer
748    ) -> UniversalPlayer | None:
749        """
750        Return the first other universal player that represents the same device, if any.
751
752        Players that share a protocol domain are not returned: they are separate devices
753        that merely share an identifier, so merging them would orphan a protocol.
754
755        :param universal_player: The universal player to find a merge candidate for.
756        """
757        for player in list(self._players.values()):
758            if player.provider.domain != "universal_player":
759                continue
760            if player.player_id == universal_player.player_id:
761                continue
762            if not isinstance(player, UniversalPlayer):
763                continue
764
765            if not self._identifiers_match(universal_player, player, ""):
766                continue
767
768            # Do not merge if both UPs have protocols from the same domain.
769            # Multiple instances of the same protocol on one host (e.g., several
770            # squeezelite players on the same VM) are separate devices that happen
771            # to share an IP. Merging them would orphan one instance's protocol.
772            domains_a = {
773                link.protocol_domain
774                for link in universal_player.linked_output_protocols
775                if link.protocol_domain
776            }
777            domains_b = {
778                link.protocol_domain
779                for link in player.linked_output_protocols
780                if link.protocol_domain
781            }
782            if domains_a & domains_b:
783                self.logger.debug(
784                    "Skipping merge of %s and %s: shared protocol domain(s) %s",
785                    universal_player.player_id,
786                    player.player_id,
787                    domains_a & domains_b,
788                )
789                continue
790
791            return player
792
793        return None
794
795    def _select_merge_winner(
796        self, universal_player: UniversalPlayer, other_player: UniversalPlayer
797    ) -> tuple[UniversalPlayer, UniversalPlayer]:
798        """
799        Return which of the two universal players absorbs the other, as (keeper, absorbed).
800
801        The player with the most protocol links wins.
802
803        :param universal_player: The universal player the merge was triggered for.
804        :param other_player: The universal player it matched with.
805        """
806        len_u = len(universal_player.linked_output_protocols)
807        len_p = len(other_player.linked_output_protocols)
808        if len_u > len_p:
809            return universal_player, other_player
810        if len_u < len_p:
811            return other_player, universal_player
812        # On ties, fall back to a deterministic tiebreaker on player_id so the merge outcome
813        # is stable across server restarts. Without this, which UniversalPlayer "wins" depends
814        # on iteration order of self._players.values(), which can shift between runs and causes
815        # downstream player_id reshuffling (and broken entity bindings in consumers like the
816        # Home Assistant MA integration).
817        if universal_player.player_id < other_player.player_id:
818            return universal_player, other_player
819        return other_player, universal_player
820
821    def _merge_universal_players(self, keep: UniversalPlayer, remove: UniversalPlayer) -> None:
822        """
823        Absorb one universal player into another and schedule the absorbed one's removal.
824
825        :param keep: The universal player that stays.
826        :param remove: The universal player that is absorbed.
827        """
828        known_protocol_ids = set(self._get_known_protocol_ids(remove))
829        active_protocol_ids = {link.output_protocol_id for link in remove.linked_output_protocols}
830        moved_protocol_ids: set[str] = set()
831
832        # Transfer protocol links from the removed player to the keeper
833        for linked in list(remove.linked_output_protocols):
834            if protocol_player := self.get_player(linked.output_protocol_id):
835                protocol_player.set_protocol_parent_id(None)
836                domain = linked.protocol_domain or protocol_player.provider.domain
837
838                # Check if keeper already has an active link from this domain
839                if self._parent_has_active_protocol_from_domain(keep, domain):
840                    self.logger.debug(
841                        "Skipping duplicate %s link during merge: %s",
842                        domain,
843                        linked.output_protocol_id,
844                    )
845                    continue
846
847                self._add_protocol_link(keep, protocol_player, domain)
848                if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id == keep.player_id:
849                    moved_protocol_ids.add(protocol_player.player_id)
850                    protocol_player.refresh_state()
851
852        # Move cached-only protocol ownership as well so old-parent cleanup
853        # does not wipe protocols that were intentionally preserved.
854        cached_only_ids = known_protocol_ids - active_protocol_ids
855        preserved_protocol_ids = moved_protocol_ids | cached_only_ids
856        self._migrate_protocol_ids_to_parent(keep, preserved_protocol_ids)
857        self._remove_protocol_ids_from_parent(remove, preserved_protocol_ids)
858
859        # Merge identifiers
860        for conn_type, value in remove.device_info.identifiers.items():
861            keep.device_info.add_identifier(conn_type, value)
862        keep.refresh_state()
863
864        # Persist updated data before the obsolete player is removed
865        self._save_universal_player_data(keep)
866
867        # Carry over the user's configuration and re-point group memberships
868        # before the permanent removal below deletes the losing wrapper's config
869        self._migrate_universal_player_config(remove.player_id, keep.player_id)
870        self._repoint_group_memberships(remove.player_id, keep.player_id)
871
872        # Stop playback and remove the obsolete player
873        self.mass.create_task(self._stop_and_unregister(remove))
874
875    def _link_protocols_to_universal(
876        self, universal_player: Player, protocol_players: list[Player]
877    ) -> None:
878        """Link protocol players to a universal player, cleaning up existing links."""
879        for player in protocol_players:
880            # Clean up if linked to another player
881            if player.protocol_parent_id:
882                if parent := self.get_player(player.protocol_parent_id):
883                    self._remove_protocol_link(parent, player.player_id)
884                player.set_protocol_parent_id(None)
885            # Link to universal player
886            self._add_protocol_link(universal_player, player, player.provider.domain)
887            player.refresh_state()
888
889        # Update availability from protocol players
890        universal_player.refresh_state()
891
892    async def _create_or_update_universal_player(self, protocol_players: list[Player]) -> None:
893        """
894        Create or update a UniversalPlayer for a set of protocol players.
895
896        Delegates to the universal player provider which handles orchestration,
897        locking, and player creation. The controller then links the protocols
898        to the universal player.
899        """
900        # Filter out players that got linked during the async delay
901        protocol_players = [p for p in protocol_players if not p.protocol_parent_id]
902        if not protocol_players:
903            return
904
905        # Get the universal_player provider
906        universal_provider: UniversalPlayerProvider | None = None
907        for provider in self.mass.get_providers(ProviderType.PLAYER):
908            if provider.domain == "universal_player":
909                universal_provider = cast("UniversalPlayerProvider", provider)
910                break
911
912        if not universal_provider:
913            return
914
915        # Delegate to provider - it handles locking, create/update decision, etc.
916        universal_player = await universal_provider.ensure_universal_player_for_protocols(
917            protocol_players
918        )
919
920        if not universal_player:
921            return
922
923        # Link the protocols to the universal player (controller manages cross-provider state)
924        # Filter out players that were already linked
925        # (e.g., via _add_protocol_to_existing_universal)
926        unlinked_players = [p for p in protocol_players if not p.protocol_parent_id]
927
928        # Split unlinked players: those that can join the main universal player
929        # vs those that got separate universal players (domain-duplicates)
930        for player in list(unlinked_players):
931            # Check if a separate universal player was created for this player
932            fallback_key = player.player_id.replace(":", "").replace("-", "").lower()
933            separate_id = f"up{fallback_key}"
934            if separate_up := self.get_player(separate_id):
935                # Link to the separate universal player instead
936                self._add_protocol_link(separate_up, player, player.provider.domain)
937                player.refresh_state()
938                separate_up.refresh_state()
939                unlinked_players.remove(player)
940
941        self._link_protocols_to_universal(universal_player, unlinked_players)
942        universal_player.refresh_state()
943
944    def _try_link_protocols_to_native(self, native_player: Player) -> None:
945        """Try to link protocol players to a native player."""
946        # First, check if there's a universal player for this device that should be replaced
947        self._check_replace_universal_player(native_player)
948
949        # Look for protocol players that should be linked
950        for protocol_player in self.all_players(return_protocol_players=True):
951            if protocol_player.state.type != PlayerType.PROTOCOL:
952                continue
953            if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
954                # Already linked to a parent (could be this native player after replacement)
955                continue
956            if protocol_player.underlying_player_id:
957                # Derived protocol players link via their underlying player instead
958                continue
959
960            protocol_domain = protocol_player.provider.domain
961
962            # Skip if this native player already has an active link from this domain
963            # (prevents a second instance of the same protocol from trying to link)
964            if self._parent_has_active_protocol_from_domain(native_player, protocol_domain):
965                continue
966
967            if self._identifiers_match(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain):
968                self._add_protocol_link(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain)
969                # Check if linking succeeded (may be refused for duplicate domain)
970                if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id is not None:
971                    protocol_player.refresh_state()
972                    native_player.refresh_state()
973
974        # Proactively recover disabled/missing protocols from config
975        # This ensures disabled protocols show up in the UI so they can be re-enabled
976        self._recover_cached_protocol_links(native_player)
977
978        # Second pass: match remaining unlinked protocol players via sibling identifiers.
979        # After cache recovery, the native player has linked protocols (e.g., AirPlay)
980        # whose identifiers can be used to match new protocol players (e.g., Sendspin bridge)
981        # that share the same device identifiers but couldn't match the native player directly.
982        for protocol_player in self.all_players(return_protocol_players=True):
983            if protocol_player.state.type != PlayerType.PROTOCOL:
984                continue
985            if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id:
986                continue
987            if protocol_player.underlying_player_id:
988                continue
989            protocol_domain = protocol_player.provider.domain
990            if self._parent_has_active_protocol_from_domain(native_player, protocol_domain):
991                continue
992            if self._match_via_linked_protocols(native_player, protocol_player, protocol_domain):
993                self.logger.debug(
994                    "Linked %s to %s via sibling protocol identifiers",
995                    protocol_player.player_id,
996                    native_player.player_id,
997                )
998
999        # Finally, link derived protocol players that ride directly on this
1000        # native player (derived players riding on the protocol players linked
1001        # above are handled by _add_protocol_link itself).
1002        self._link_derived_protocols_of(native_player)
1003
1004    def _check_replace_universal_player(self, native_player: Player) -> None:
1005        """Check if a universal player should be replaced by this native player."""
1006        # Skip if native_player is itself a universal player (prevent self-replacement)
1007        if native_player.provider.domain == "universal_player":
1008            return
1009
1010        # Look for universal players that match this native player
1011        for player in list(self._players.values()):
1012            if player.provider.domain != "universal_player":
1013                continue
1014
1015            # Check by identifiers first
1016            identifiers_match = self._identifiers_match(native_player, player, "")
1017
1018            # Also check if native player's ID is in the universal player's stored protocol list
1019            # This handles players that changed type (e.g., sendspin web players changed from
1020            # PROTOCOL to PLAYER type) and have no identifiers to match against
1021            player_id_in_protocols = (
1022                isinstance(player, UniversalPlayer)
1023                and native_player.player_id in player._protocol_player_ids
1024            )
1025
1026            if not identifiers_match and not player_id_in_protocols:
1027                continue
1028
1029            known_protocol_ids = set(self._get_known_protocol_ids(player))
1030            active_protocol_ids = {
1031                link.output_protocol_id for link in player.linked_output_protocols
1032            }
1033            moved_protocol_ids: set[str] = set()
1034
1035            # Transfer all protocol links from universal player to native player
1036            for linked in list(player.linked_output_protocols):
1037                if protocol_player := self.get_player(linked.output_protocol_id):
1038                    protocol_player.set_protocol_parent_id(None)
1039                    domain = linked.protocol_domain or protocol_player.provider.domain
1040                    self._add_protocol_link(native_player, protocol_player, domain)
1041                    if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id == native_player.player_id:
1042                        moved_protocol_ids.add(protocol_player.player_id)
1043                        protocol_player.refresh_state()
1044                    else:
1045                        # Link refused, keep the protocol owned by the universal player.
1046                        protocol_player.set_protocol_parent_id(player.player_id)
1047
1048            if active_protocol_ids - moved_protocol_ids:
1049                # A link was refused, keep the universal player and hand over only
1050                # what moved so the refused protocols are not orphaned.
1051                self._migrate_protocol_ids_to_parent(native_player, moved_protocol_ids)
1052                self._remove_protocol_ids_from_parent(player, moved_protocol_ids)
1053                native_player.refresh_state()
1054                continue
1055
1056            cached_only_ids = known_protocol_ids - active_protocol_ids
1057            preserved_protocol_ids = moved_protocol_ids | cached_only_ids
1058            # A device that kept its id across a type change lists itself here.
1059            # It must never become its own protocol, and it must also be dropped
1060            # from the obsolete universal player so the permanent cleanup below
1061            # doesn't treat it as an orphaned protocol (which would re-wrap the
1062            # native player in a fresh universal player).
1063            preserved_protocol_ids.discard(native_player.player_id)
1064            self._migrate_protocol_ids_to_parent(native_player, preserved_protocol_ids)
1065            self._remove_protocol_ids_from_parent(
1066                player, preserved_protocol_ids | {native_player.player_id}
1067            )
1068            native_player.refresh_state()
1069
1070            # Carry over the user's configuration and re-point group memberships
1071            # before the permanent removal below deletes the universal player's config
1072            self._migrate_universal_player_config(player.player_id, native_player.player_id)
1073            self._repoint_group_memberships(player.player_id, native_player.player_id)
1074
1075            # Stop playback and remove the now-obsolete universal player
1076            self.mass.create_task(self._stop_and_unregister(player))
1077
1078    def _migrate_universal_player_config(self, universal_id: str, native_id: str) -> None:
1079        """
1080        Carry over user-set configuration from a replaced universal player.
1081
1082        Copies the custom display name, player config values, DSP settings and
1083        per-queue settings of the (obsolete) universal player onto the native
1084        player that replaces it, without overwriting values explicitly set on
1085        the native player itself. Must be called while the universal player's
1086        config still exists, as the permanent removal deletes it.
1087
1088        :param universal_id: Player id of the obsolete universal player being replaced.
1089        :param native_id: Player id of the native player that replaces it.
1090        """
1091        source_raw = self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{universal_id}")
1092        source_raw = source_raw if isinstance(source_raw, dict) else {}
1093        target_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{native_id}"
1094        target_raw = self.mass.config.get(target_key)
1095        target_raw = target_raw if isinstance(target_raw, dict) else {}
1096        player_config_changed = False
1097
1098        # only carry an actual user rename, not the auto-generated default name;
1099        # likewise a name on the native player only counts as a user override when
1100        # it differs from the default name (fresh configs store name == default_name)
1101        custom_name = source_raw.get("name")
1102        target_name = target_raw.get("name")
1103        target_has_custom_name = bool(target_name) and target_name != target_raw.get("default_name")
1104        if (
1105            custom_name
1106            and custom_name != source_raw.get("default_name")
1107            and not target_has_custom_name
1108        ):
1109            self.mass.config.set(f"{target_key}/name", custom_name)
1110            player_config_changed = True
1111
1112        source_values = source_raw.get("values")
1113        source_values = source_values if isinstance(source_values, dict) else {}
1114        target_values = target_raw.get("values")
1115        target_values = target_values if isinstance(target_values, dict) else {}
1116        for key, value in source_values.items():
1117            if key in UNIVERSAL_PLAYER_INTERNAL_CONF_KEYS:
1118                continue
1119            if CONF_PROTOCOL_KEY_SPLITTER in key:
1120                # stale virtual mirror of a protocol player's own config
1121                continue
1122            if key in target_values:
1123                continue
1124            self.mass.config.set(f"{target_key}/values/{key}", deepcopy(value))
1125            player_config_changed = True
1126
1127        # DSP settings follow wholesale, unless the native player has its own
1128        dsp_changed = False
1129        source_dsp = self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYER_DSP}/{universal_id}")
1130        if source_dsp and not self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYER_DSP}/{native_id}"):
1131            self.mass.config.set(f"{CONF_PLAYER_DSP}/{native_id}", deepcopy(source_dsp))
1132            dsp_changed = True
1133
1134        queue_changed = self._migrate_universal_queue_config(universal_id, native_id)
1135
1136        if not (player_config_changed or dsp_changed or queue_changed):
1137            return
1138        self.logger.info(
1139            "Carried over configuration of universal player %s to %s", universal_id, native_id
1140        )
1141        if player_config_changed:
1142            # the native player's in-place config was loaded before the carry-over,
1143            # so reload it to make the migrated values (e.g. custom name) effective
1144            self.mass.create_task(self._reapply_player_config(native_id))
1145
1146    def _migrate_universal_queue_config(self, universal_id: str, native_id: str) -> bool:
1147        """
1148        Move the per-queue settings of a replaced universal player to its replacement.
1149
1150        Queue ids equal player ids, so the source entry is removed once it is carried over.
1151
1152        :param universal_id: Player id of the obsolete universal player.
1153        :param native_id: Player id of the native player that replaces it.
1154        :return: True if any queue setting was carried over.
1155        """
1156        queue_changed = False
1157        source_queue_raw = self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYER_QUEUES}/{universal_id}")
1158        source_queue_raw = source_queue_raw if isinstance(source_queue_raw, dict) else None
1159        if source_queue_values := (source_queue_raw or {}).get("values"):
1160            target_queue_key = f"{CONF_PLAYER_QUEUES}/{native_id}"
1161            target_queue_raw = self.mass.config.get(target_queue_key)
1162            target_queue_raw = (
1163                deepcopy(target_queue_raw) if isinstance(target_queue_raw, dict) else {}
1164            )
1165            target_queue_values = target_queue_raw.setdefault("values", {})
1166            for key, value in source_queue_values.items():
1167                if key in target_queue_values:
1168                    continue
1169                target_queue_values[key] = deepcopy(value)
1170                queue_changed = True
1171            if queue_changed:
1172                target_queue_raw["queue_id"] = native_id
1173                self.mass.config.set(target_queue_key, target_queue_raw)
1174        if source_queue_raw is not None:
1175            self.mass.config.remove(f"{CONF_PLAYER_QUEUES}/{universal_id}")
1176        return queue_changed
1177
1178    async def _reapply_player_config(self, player_id: str) -> None:
1179        """Reload the stored config onto a registered player and refresh its state."""
1180        if not (player := self.get_player(player_id)):
1181            return
1182        config = await self.mass.config.get_player_config(player_id)
1183        player.set_config(config)
1184        player.update_state()
1185        self.mass.signal_event(EventType.PLAYER_CONFIG_UPDATED, object_id=player_id, data=config)
1186
1187    def _repoint_group_memberships(self, old_player_id: str, new_player_id: str) -> None:
1188        """
1189        Re-point group memberships from a removed player to its successor.
1190
1191        When a universal player is replaced by a native player or merged into
1192        another universal player, other players that list the removed player as
1193        a group member (or allowed member) must follow its successor so those
1194        memberships are not silently lost. Updates the persisted config and keeps
1195        any registered player whose membership changed in sync.
1196
1197        :param old_player_id: Player id that is being removed.
1198        :param new_player_id: Player id that replaces it.
1199        """
1200        all_player_configs = self.mass.config.get(CONF_PLAYERS, {})
1201        if not isinstance(all_player_configs, dict):
1202            return
1203        for other_id, other_cfg in all_player_configs.items():
1204            if not isinstance(other_cfg, dict):
1205                continue
1206            other_values = other_cfg.get("values")
1207            if not isinstance(other_values, dict):
1208                continue
1209            for key in (CONF_GROUP_MEMBERS, CONF_ALLOWED_MEMBERS):
1210                members = other_values.get(key)
1211                if not isinstance(members, list) or old_player_id not in members:
1212                    continue
1213                new_members: list[str] = []
1214                for member_id in members:
1215                    resolved = new_player_id if member_id == old_player_id else member_id
1216                    if resolved not in new_members:
1217                        new_members.append(resolved)
1218                self.mass.config.set(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{other_id}/values/{key}", new_members)
1219                # keep a registered player's in-place config copy and state in sync
1220                if other_player := self.get_player(other_id):
1221                    if entry := other_player.config.values.get(key):
1222                        entry.value = new_members
1223                    other_player.refresh_state()
1224
1225    async def _stop_and_unregister(self, player: Player) -> None:
1226        """
1227        Stop active playback on a player and then permanently unregister it.
1228
1229        Used when an obsolete universal player is replaced or merged away: while
1230        it is not idle its protocol child keeps playing the dead queue's stream
1231        until the buffer drains, so playback is stopped first. Queue ownership is
1232        intentionally not transferred.
1233
1234        :param player: The obsolete player to stop and permanently remove.
1235        """
1236        if player.playback_state != PlaybackState.IDLE:
1237            with suppress(PlayerCommandFailed, PlayerUnavailableError):
1238                await self.mass.player_queues.stop(player.player_id)
1239        await self.unregister(player.player_id, permanent=True)
1240
1241    def _parent_has_active_protocol_from_domain(
1242        self, parent: Player, domain: str, exclude_player_id: str | None = None
1243    ) -> bool:
1244        """
1245        Check if a parent already has an active (registered) protocol player from a given domain.
1246
1247        This prevents a second protocol player of the same domain (e.g., a second AirPlay
1248        instance on the same host) from replacing the first one's link on the same parent.
1249
1250        :param parent: The parent player to check.
1251        :param domain: The protocol domain to check for (e.g., "airplay", "dlna").
1252        :param exclude_player_id: Optional player ID to exclude from the check
1253            (used when checking if a player's own domain is already linked).
1254        """
1255        for link in parent.linked_output_protocols:
1256            if link.protocol_domain != domain:
1257                continue
1258            if exclude_player_id and link.output_protocol_id == exclude_player_id:
1259                continue
1260            # A registered player from this domain blocks the link, even if unavailable.
1261            # Being offline doesn't make it a different device — it's still occupying
1262            # this domain slot. The provider should remove stale players explicitly.
1263            if self.get_player(link.output_protocol_id):
1264                return True
1265        return False
1266
1267    def _add_protocol_link(
1268        self, native_player: Player, protocol_player: Player, protocol_domain: str
1269    ) -> None:
1270        """Add a protocol link from native player to protocol player."""
1271        # Never link a player to itself (hides it as its own protocol child).
1272        if native_player.player_id == protocol_player.player_id:
1273            return
1274        # Guard: refuse to replace an existing active link from the same domain.
1275        # This prevents a second instance of the same protocol (e.g., two AirPlay
1276        # instances on the same host) from silently replacing the first one.
1277        if self._parent_has_active_protocol_from_domain(
1278            native_player, protocol_domain, exclude_player_id=protocol_player.player_id
1279        ):
1280            self.logger.debug(
1281                "Refusing to link %s to %s: parent already has an active %s link",
1282                protocol_player.player_id,
1283                native_player.player_id,
1284                protocol_domain,
1285            )
1286            return
1287
1288        # Remove any existing link for the same protocol domain
1289        updated_protocols = [
1290            link
1291            for link in native_player.linked_output_protocols
1292            if link.protocol_domain != protocol_domain
1293        ]
1294
1295        # Get priority for this protocol
1296        priority = PROTOCOL_PRIORITY.get(protocol_domain, 100)
1297
1298        # Derived transports (e.g. a Sendspin bridge riding on an AirPlay player)
1299        # reference the base output they run on top of; "native" when they ride
1300        # on the parent player itself
1301        derived_from = protocol_player.underlying_player_id
1302        if derived_from == native_player.player_id:
1303            derived_from = "native"
1304
1305        # Add the new link
1306        updated_protocols.append(
1307            LinkedOutputProtocol(
1308                output_protocol_id=protocol_player.player_id,
1309                protocol_domain=protocol_domain,
1310                priority=priority,
1311                derived_from=derived_from,
1312            )
1313        )
1314        native_player.set_linked_output_protocols(updated_protocols)
1315
1316        # Set protocol player's parent
1317        protocol_player.set_protocol_parent_id(native_player.player_id)
1318
1319        # Persist linked protocol IDs to config for fast restart
1320        # (only for non-universal players, as universal players handle this themselves)
1321        if native_player.provider.domain != "universal_player":
1322            self._save_linked_protocol_ids(native_player)
1323        # Always save the parent ID on the protocol player for reverse lookup on restart
1324        # (needed for both native and universal parents to enable fast restore)
1325        self._save_protocol_parent_id(protocol_player.player_id, native_player.player_id)
1326
1327        # The freshly linked player may have derived protocol players (e.g. a
1328        # Sendspin bridge riding on it) waiting to join the same parent.
1329        self._link_derived_protocols_of(protocol_player)
1330
1331    def _remove_protocol_link(
1332        self, native_player: Player, protocol_player_id: str, permanent: bool = False
1333    ) -> None:
1334        """
1335        Remove a protocol link.
1336
1337        :param native_player: The parent player to remove the link from.
1338        :param protocol_player_id: The protocol player ID to unlink.
1339        :param permanent: If True, also removes the protocol ID from the cached list.
1340            Use this when the protocol player config is being deleted. If False,
1341            the protocol ID remains in the cache so it can be shown as disabled
1342            and re-enabled later.
1343        """
1344        updated_protocols = [
1345            link
1346            for link in native_player.linked_output_protocols
1347            if link.output_protocol_id != protocol_player_id
1348        ]
1349        native_player.set_linked_output_protocols(updated_protocols)
1350
1351        # Clear parent reference on protocol player if it still exists
1352        if protocol_player := self.get_player(protocol_player_id):
1353            if protocol_player.protocol_parent_id == native_player.player_id:
1354                protocol_player.set_protocol_parent_id(None)
1355
1356        # Update persisted linked protocol IDs
1357        if native_player.provider.domain != "universal_player":
1358            if permanent:
1359                # Permanently remove from cache (player config is being deleted)
1360                self._remove_protocol_id_from_cache(native_player.player_id, protocol_player_id)
1361            # Note: we don't call _save_linked_protocol_ids here anymore for non-permanent
1362            # removals because the merge approach will preserve the ID in the cache
1363        # Always clear the cached parent ID (for both native and universal parents)
1364        self._clear_protocol_parent_id(protocol_player_id)
1365
1366    def _save_linked_protocol_ids(self, native_player: Player) -> None:
1367        """
1368        Save linked protocol IDs to config for persistence across restarts.
1369
1370        This method merges active protocol IDs with existing cached IDs to preserve
1371        disabled protocol players in the cache. This allows disabled protocols to be
1372        shown in the UI so they can be re-enabled.
1373        """
1374        conf_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{native_player.player_id}/values/{CONF_LINKED_PROTOCOL_IDS}"
1375        # Get existing cached IDs to preserve disabled protocols
1376        existing_ids: list[str] = self.mass.config.get(conf_key, [])
1377        # Get currently active protocol IDs
1378        active_ids = {link.output_protocol_id for link in native_player.linked_output_protocols}
1379        # Merge: keep existing IDs and add any new active ones
1380        merged_ids = list(existing_ids)
1381        for protocol_id in active_ids:
1382            if protocol_id not in merged_ids:
1383                merged_ids.append(protocol_id)
1384        self.mass.config.set(conf_key, merged_ids)
1385
1386    def _get_cached_protocol_ids(self, player_id: str) -> list[str]:
1387        """Get cached linked protocol IDs from config."""
1388        conf_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{player_id}/values/{CONF_LINKED_PROTOCOL_IDS}"
1389        result = self.mass.config.get(conf_key, [])
1390        return list(result) if result else []
1391
1392    def _remove_protocol_id_from_cache(
1393        self, parent_player_id: str, protocol_player_id: str
1394    ) -> None:
1395        """
1396        Permanently remove a protocol player ID from the cached linked protocol IDs.
1397
1398        Use this when a protocol player config is being deleted, not just disabled.
1399        """
1400        conf_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{parent_player_id}/values/{CONF_LINKED_PROTOCOL_IDS}"
1401        cached_ids: list[str] = self.mass.config.get(conf_key, [])
1402        if protocol_player_id in cached_ids:
1403            cached_ids.remove(protocol_player_id)
1404            self.mass.config.set(conf_key, cached_ids)
1405
1406    def _save_protocol_parent_id(self, protocol_player_id: str, parent_id: str) -> None:
1407        """Save the parent ID for a protocol player for persistence across restarts."""
1408        # Only save if the player config still exists to avoid creating partial entries
1409        if not self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{protocol_player_id}"):
1410            return
1411        conf_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{protocol_player_id}/values/{CONF_PROTOCOL_PARENT_ID}"
1412        self.mass.config.set(conf_key, parent_id)
1413
1414    def _save_underlying_player_id(self, player: Player) -> None:
1415        """
1416        Persist the derived-transport edge of a player to config.
1417
1418        Allows the edge to be resolved (e.g. by the config UI) even while the
1419        player is not registered. Clears a previously persisted edge when the
1420        player is no longer derived (e.g. a bridge client turned web player).
1421        """
1422        # Only save if the player config still exists to avoid creating partial entries
1423        if not self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{player.player_id}"):
1424            return
1425        conf_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{player.player_id}/values/{CONF_UNDERLYING_PLAYER_ID}"
1426        if player.underlying_player_id:
1427            self.mass.config.set(conf_key, player.underlying_player_id)
1428        elif self.mass.config.get(conf_key) is not None:
1429            self.mass.config.set(conf_key, None)
1430
1431    def _get_cached_protocol_parent_id(self, protocol_player_id: str) -> str | None:
1432        """Get cached parent ID for a protocol player from config."""
1433        conf_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{protocol_player_id}/values/{CONF_PROTOCOL_PARENT_ID}"
1434        result = self.mass.config.get(conf_key, None)
1435        return str(result) if result else None
1436
1437    def _clear_protocol_parent_id(self, protocol_player_id: str) -> None:
1438        """Clear the cached parent ID for a protocol player."""
1439        # Only clear if the player config still exists to avoid creating partial entries
1440        if not self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{protocol_player_id}"):
1441            return
1442        conf_key = f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{protocol_player_id}/values/{CONF_PROTOCOL_PARENT_ID}"
1443        self.mass.config.set(conf_key, None)
1444
1445    def _recover_cached_protocol_links(self, native_player: Player) -> None:
1446        """
1447        Recover protocol links from config for disabled/missing protocols.
1448
1449        This ensures that disabled protocols show up in the output_protocols list
1450        so they can be re-enabled by the user. It also handles the case where
1451        protocol players haven't registered yet during startup.
1452        """
1453        # Get currently linked protocol IDs
1454        linked_protocol_ids = {
1455            link.output_protocol_id for link in native_player.linked_output_protocols
1456        }
1457
1458        # Get cached protocol IDs from config (includes protocols that were explicitly linked)
1459        cached_protocol_ids = self._get_cached_protocol_ids(native_player.player_id)
1460
1461        # Also check all protocol players that have protocol_parent_id pointing to this player
1462        # (this handles disabled protocols that may not be in linked_protocol_ids)
1463        all_player_configs = self.mass.config.get(CONF_PLAYERS, {})
1464        for protocol_id, protocol_config in all_player_configs.items():
1465            # Skip if not a protocol player
1466            if protocol_config.get("player_type") != "protocol":
1467                continue
1468            # Check if this protocol has a parent_id pointing to this native player
1469            protocol_values = protocol_config.get("values", {})
1470            protocol_parent_id = protocol_values.get(CONF_PROTOCOL_PARENT_ID)
1471            if protocol_parent_id == native_player.player_id:
1472                if protocol_id not in cached_protocol_ids:
1473                    cached_protocol_ids.append(protocol_id)
1474
1475        if not cached_protocol_ids:
1476            return
1477
1478        # Add link entries for any cached protocols that aren't currently linked
1479        updated_protocols = list(native_player.linked_output_protocols)
1480        for protocol_id in cached_protocol_ids:
1481            if protocol_id in linked_protocol_ids:
1482                continue  # Already linked
1483
1484            # Get protocol player config to determine the protocol domain
1485            protocol_config = self.mass.config.get(f"{CONF_PLAYERS}/{protocol_id}")
1486            if not protocol_config:
1487                continue
1488
1489            # Determine protocol domain from provider
1490            protocol_provider: str = protocol_config.get("provider")
1491            if not protocol_provider:
1492                continue
1493
1494            # Extract domain from provider instance_id (e.g., "airplay--uuid" -> "airplay")
1495            protocol_domain = protocol_provider.split("--", maxsplit=1)[0]
1496
1497            # Skip if parent already has a link from this domain
1498            existing_domains = {link.protocol_domain for link in updated_protocols}
1499            if protocol_domain in existing_domains:
1500                continue
1501
1502            # Get priority for this protocol
1503            priority = PROTOCOL_PRIORITY.get(protocol_domain, 100)
1504
1505            # Resolve the derived-transport edge from the live player when
1506            # registered, else from the persisted edge in config
1507            protocol_player = self.get_player(protocol_id)
1508            derived_from = (
1509                protocol_player.underlying_player_id
1510                if protocol_player
1511                else protocol_config.get("values", {}).get(CONF_UNDERLYING_PLAYER_ID)
1512            )
1513            if derived_from == native_player.player_id:
1514                derived_from = "native"
1515
1516            updated_protocols.append(
1517                LinkedOutputProtocol(
1518                    output_protocol_id=protocol_id,
1519                    protocol_domain=protocol_domain,
1520                    priority=priority,
1521                    derived_from=derived_from,
1522                )
1523            )
1524            self.logger.debug(
1525                "Recovered cached protocol link %s -> %s",
1526                native_player.player_id,
1527                protocol_id,
1528            )
1529
1530        if len(updated_protocols) != len(native_player.linked_output_protocols):
1531            native_player.set_linked_output_protocols(updated_protocols)
1532
1533    def _cleanup_protocol_links(self, player: Player) -> None:
1534        """Clean up protocol links when a player is permanently removed."""
1535        if player.state.type == PlayerType.PROTOCOL:
1536            # Protocol player being removed: remove link from parent
1537            if parent_id := player.protocol_parent_id:
1538                if parent_player := self.get_player(parent_id):
1539                    # Use permanent=True to also remove from cached protocol IDs
1540                    self._remove_protocol_link(parent_player, player.player_id, permanent=True)
1541                    if (
1542                        parent_player.provider.domain == "universal_player"
1543                        and len(parent_player.linked_output_protocols) == 0
1544                    ):
1545                        # No protocols left - remove universal player
1546                        self.logger.info(
1547                            "Universal player %s has no protocols left, removing",
1548                            parent_id,
1549                        )
1550                        self.mass.create_task(
1551                            self.mass.players.unregister(parent_id, permanent=True)
1552                        )
1553                    else:
1554                        parent_player.refresh_state()
1555                else:
1556                    # Parent not registered yet — still purge the cached id
1557                    self._remove_protocol_id_from_cache(parent_id, player.player_id)
1558        else:
1559            # Native/universal player being removed: handle all linked protocol players.
1560            # Collect all known protocol IDs from both active links and cached state,
1561            # since disabled/inactive protocols may only exist in the cached parent data.
1562            all_protocol_ids = set(self._get_known_protocol_ids(player))
1563            for protocol_id in all_protocol_ids:
1564                if protocol_player := self.get_player(protocol_id):
1565                    # Protocol player is available: clear parent and schedule re-evaluation
1566                    # so it can be matched to a new parent or a new universal player
1567                    self.logger.debug(
1568                        "Player %s removed - scheduling evaluation for protocol %s",
1569                        player.player_id,
1570                        protocol_id,
1571                    )
1572                    self._detach_protocol_child(protocol_player)
1573                else:
1574                    # Clear cached parent ID in config so protocol won't try to
1575                    # restore a link to the deleted player on next restart
1576                    self._clear_protocol_parent_id(protocol_id)
1577                    # Protocol player is not registered yet — it may still be
1578                    # mid-discovery (e.g., DLNA connecting via SSDP). Don't delete
1579                    # its config as that would cause a KeyError when it finishes
1580                    # registering. Stale configs are harmless and get cleaned up
1581                    # naturally on subsequent restarts.
1582                    self.logger.debug(
1583                        "Player %s removed - protocol %s not registered, skipping cleanup",
1584                        player.player_id,
1585                        protocol_id,
1586                    )
1587
1588    def _detach_protocol_children(self, parent_id: str) -> None:
1589        """
1590        Detach the registered protocol players of a parent player that is going away.
1591
1592        Covers the removal paths that don't unregister the parent first (e.g. its
1593        provider is unloaded), where the parent is not around anymore to enumerate
1594        its protocol players.
1595
1596        :param parent_id: Player id of the parent that is being removed.
1597        """
1598        for protocol_player in list(self._players.values()):
1599            if protocol_player.state.type != PlayerType.PROTOCOL:
1600                continue
1601            # a protocol player waiting for a parent that never registered only has
1602            # the link in its config, so fall back to the cached parent
1603            linked_parent_id = protocol_player.protocol_parent_id or (
1604                self._get_cached_protocol_parent_id(protocol_player.player_id)
1605            )
1606            if linked_parent_id != parent_id:
1607                continue
1608            self.logger.debug(
1609                "Player %s removed - scheduling evaluation for protocol %s",
1610                parent_id,
1611                protocol_player.player_id,
1612            )
1613            self._detach_protocol_child(protocol_player)
1614
1615    def _detach_protocol_child(self, protocol_player: Player) -> None:
1616        """Clear a protocol player's parent link and schedule a fresh evaluation."""
1617        self._clear_protocol_parent_id(protocol_player.player_id)
1618        protocol_player.set_protocol_parent_id(None)
1619        protocol_player.refresh_state()
1620        self._schedule_protocol_evaluation(protocol_player)
1621
1622    def _identifiers_match(
1623        self, player_a: Player, player_b: Player, protocol_domain: str = ""
1624    ) -> bool:
1625        """
1626        Check if identifiers match between two players.
1627
1628        Matching is done by comparing connection identifiers (MAC, serial, UUID).
1629        As a last resort, IP address is used when at least one player has a
1630        locally-administered MAC, indicating the device uses MAC randomization
1631        and ARP could not resolve the real hardware address.
1632
1633        Invalid identifiers (e.g., 00:00:00:00:00:00 MAC addresses) are filtered out
1634        to prevent false matches between unrelated devices.
1635        """
1636        identifiers_a = player_a.device_info.identifiers
1637        identifiers_b = player_b.device_info.identifiers
1638
1639        # Check identifiers in order of reliability
1640        # MAC_ADDRESS > SERIAL_NUMBER > UUID > CAST_UUID > AIRPLAY_ID
1641        for conn_type in (
1642            IdentifierType.MAC_ADDRESS,
1643            IdentifierType.SERIAL_NUMBER,
1644            IdentifierType.UUID,
1645            IdentifierType.CAST_UUID,
1646            IdentifierType.AIRPLAY_ID,
1647        ):
1648            val_a = identifiers_a.get(conn_type)
1649            val_b = identifiers_b.get(conn_type)
1650
1651            if not val_a or not val_b:
1652                continue
1653
1654            # Filter out invalid MAC addresses (00:00:00:00:00:00, ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
1655            if conn_type == IdentifierType.MAC_ADDRESS:
1656                if not is_valid_mac_address(val_a) or not is_valid_mac_address(val_b):
1657                    self.logger.log(
1658                        VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
1659                        "Skipping invalid MAC address for matching: %s=%s, %s=%s",
1660                        player_a.display_name,
1661                        val_a,
1662                        player_b.display_name,
1663                        val_b,
1664                    )
1665                    continue
1666
1667            # Normalize values for comparison
1668            if conn_type == IdentifierType.MAC_ADDRESS:
1669                # Use MAC normalization that handles locally-administered bit differences
1670                # Some protocols (like AirPlay) report a locally-administered MAC variant
1671                # where bit 1 of the first octet is set (e.g., 54:78:... vs 56:78:...)
1672                val_a_norm = normalize_mac_for_matching(val_a)
1673                val_b_norm = normalize_mac_for_matching(val_b)
1674
1675                # Direct match on current MAC
1676                if val_a_norm == val_b_norm:
1677                    return True
1678
1679                # Multi-MAC matching: also check original reported MACs.
1680                # Devices with multiple interfaces (WiFi + Ethernet) may have ARP
1681                # resolve one MAC while the protocol reports a different one.
1682                macs_a = {val_a_norm}
1683                macs_b = {val_b_norm}
1684                reported_a = player_a.extra_data.get("reported_mac")
1685                reported_b = player_b.extra_data.get("reported_mac")
1686                if reported_a and is_valid_mac_address(reported_a):
1687                    macs_a.add(normalize_mac_for_matching(reported_a))
1688                if reported_b and is_valid_mac_address(reported_b):
1689                    macs_b.add(normalize_mac_for_matching(reported_b))
1690                if macs_a & macs_b:
1691                    return True
1692
1693                # No MAC match - continue to next identifier type
1694                continue
1695
1696            val_a_norm = val_a.lower().replace(":", "").replace("-", "")
1697            val_b_norm = val_b.lower().replace(":", "").replace("-", "")
1698
1699            # Direct match
1700            if val_a_norm == val_b_norm:
1701                return True
1702
1703            # Special case: Sonos UUID matching with DLNA _MR suffix
1704            # Sonos uses RINCON_xxx, DLNA uses RINCON_xxx_MR for Media Renderer
1705            if conn_type == IdentifierType.UUID:
1706                if val_b_norm.endswith("_mr") and val_b_norm[:-3] == val_a_norm:
1707                    return True
1708                if val_a_norm.endswith("_mr") and val_a_norm[:-3] == val_b_norm:
1709                    return True
1710
1711        # Last resort: IP-based matching.
1712        # Two players on the same IP are very likely the same physical device.
1713        # This handles two cases:
1714        # 1. MAC randomization: at least one player has no real MAC (LA or missing),
1715        #    so ARP couldn't resolve a usable address.
1716        # 2. Different MACs per protocol: some devices (e.g., Yamaha MusicCast) report
1717        #    different valid globally-unique MACs per protocol (DLNA vs AirPlay differ
1718        #    by 1 in the last octet). IP matching is safe here because two different
1719        #    devices on a LAN cannot share the same IP simultaneously.
1720        #    To avoid false positives between unrelated native players, this path
1721        #    requires at least one player to be a protocol or universal player.
1722        ip_a = identifiers_a.get(IdentifierType.IP_ADDRESS)
1723        ip_b = identifiers_b.get(IdentifierType.IP_ADDRESS)
1724        if ip_a and ip_b and ip_a == ip_b:
1725            mac_a = identifiers_a.get(IdentifierType.MAC_ADDRESS)
1726            mac_b = identifiers_b.get(IdentifierType.MAC_ADDRESS)
1727            a_is_real = (
1728                mac_a is not None
1729                and is_valid_mac_address(mac_a)
1730                and not is_locally_administered_mac(mac_a)
1731            )
1732            b_is_real = (
1733                mac_b is not None
1734                and is_valid_mac_address(mac_b)
1735                and not is_locally_administered_mac(mac_b)
1736            )
1737            # Case 1: at least one player has no real hardware MAC
1738            if not (a_is_real and b_is_real):
1739                return True
1740            # Case 2: both have real MACs but at least one is a protocol/universal player
1741            a_is_protocol = (
1742                player_a.type == PlayerType.PROTOCOL
1743                or player_a.provider.domain == "universal_player"
1744            )
1745            b_is_protocol = (
1746                player_b.type == PlayerType.PROTOCOL
1747                or player_b.provider.domain == "universal_player"
1748            )
1749            if a_is_protocol or b_is_protocol:
1750                return True
1751
1752        return False
1753
1754    def _select_best_output_protocol(self, player: Player) -> tuple[Player, OutputProtocol | None]:
1755        """
1756        Select the best available output protocol for a player.
1757
1758        Selection priority:
1759        1. Output protocol that is currently grouped/synced with other players.
1760        2. User's preferred output protocol (from player settings).
1761        3. Native playback (if player supports PLAY_MEDIA).
1762        4. Best available protocol by priority.
1763
1764        Returns tuple of (target_player, output_protocol).
1765        output_protocol is None when using native playback.
1766        """
1767        self.logger.log(
1768            VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
1769            "Selecting output protocol for %s",
1770            player.state.name,
1771        )
1772
1773        # 1. Check if any output protocol is currently grouped
1774        for linked in player.linked_output_protocols:
1775            if protocol_player := self.get_player(linked.output_protocol_id):
1776                if protocol_player.available_for_playback and self._is_protocol_grouped(
1777                    protocol_player
1778                ):
1779                    self.logger.log(
1780                        VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
1781                        "Selected protocol for %s: %s (grouped)",
1782                        player.state.name,
1783                        protocol_player.state.name,
1784                    )
1785                    return protocol_player, player.get_linked_protocol(linked.output_protocol_id)
1786
1787        # 2. Check for user's preferred output protocol.
1788        # The value is only stored while it differs from the entry's default, which is computed
1789        # per player: "native" when a native output is available, otherwise "auto". Both of those
1790        # are handled identically by the steps below, so an absent value can safely fall through.
1791        preferred = self.mass.config.get_raw_player_config_value(
1792            player.player_id, CONF_PREFERRED_OUTPUT_PROTOCOL
1793        )
1794        if preferred and preferred != "auto":
1795            if preferred == "native":
1796                if PlayerFeature.PLAY_MEDIA in player.supported_features:
1797                    self.logger.log(
1798                        VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
1799                        "Selected protocol for %s: native (user preference)",
1800                        player.state.name,
1801                    )
1802                    return player, None
1803            else:
1804                for linked in player.linked_output_protocols:
1805                    if linked.output_protocol_id == preferred:
1806                        if protocol_player := self.get_player(linked.output_protocol_id):
1807                            if protocol_player.available_for_playback:
1808                                self.logger.log(
1809                                    VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
1810                                    "Selected protocol for %s: %s (user preference)",
1811                                    player.state.name,
1812                                    protocol_player.state.name,
1813                                )
1814                                return protocol_player, player.get_linked_protocol(
1815                                    linked.output_protocol_id
1816                                )
1817                        break
1818
1819        # 3. Use native playback if available
1820        if PlayerFeature.PLAY_MEDIA in player.supported_features:
1821            self.logger.log(
1822                VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL, "Selected protocol for %s: native", player.state.name
1823            )
1824            return player, None
1825
1826        # 4. Fall back to best protocol by priority
1827        for linked in sorted(player.linked_output_protocols, key=lambda x: x.priority):
1828            if protocol_player := self.get_player(linked.output_protocol_id):
1829                if protocol_player.available_for_playback:
1830                    self.logger.log(
1831                        VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
1832                        "Selected protocol for %s: %s (priority-based)",
1833                        player.state.name,
1834                        protocol_player.state.name,
1835                    )
1836                    return protocol_player, player.get_linked_protocol(linked.output_protocol_id)
1837
1838        raise PlayerCommandFailed(f"Player {player.state.name} has no available output protocols")
1839
1840    def _get_control_target(
1841        self,
1842        player: Player,
1843        required_feature: PlayerFeature,
1844        require_active: bool = False,
1845    ) -> Player | None:
1846        """
1847        Get the best player(protocol) to send control commands to.
1848
1849        Prefers the active output protocol, otherwise uses the first available
1850        protocol player that supports the needed feature.
1851        """
1852        # If we have an active protocol, use that
1853        if (
1854            player.active_output_protocol
1855            and player.active_output_protocol != "native"
1856            and (protocol_player := self.mass.players.get_player(player.active_output_protocol))
1857            and required_feature in protocol_player.supported_features
1858        ):
1859            return protocol_player
1860
1861        # if the player natively supports the required feature, use that
1862        if (
1863            player.active_output_protocol == "native"
1864            and required_feature in player.supported_features
1865        ):
1866            return player
1867
1868        # If require_active is set, and no active protocol found, return None
1869        if require_active:
1870            return None
1871
1872        # if the player natively supports the required feature, use that
1873        if required_feature in player.supported_features:
1874            return player
1875        # Otherwise, use the first available linked protocol
1876        for linked in player.linked_output_protocols:
1877            if (
1878                (protocol_player := self.mass.players.get_player(linked.output_protocol_id))
1879                and protocol_player.available_for_playback
1880                and required_feature in protocol_player.supported_features
1881            ):
1882                return protocol_player
1883
1884        return None
1885
1886    def _is_protocol_grouped(self, protocol_player: Player) -> bool:
1887        """
1888        Check if a protocol player is currently grouped/synced with other players.
1889
1890        Used to prefer protocols that are actively participating in a group,
1891        ensuring consistent playback across grouped players.
1892        """
1893        is_grouped = bool(
1894            protocol_player.state.synced_to
1895            or (
1896                protocol_player.state.group_members and len(protocol_player.state.group_members) > 1
1897            )
1898            or protocol_player.state.active_group
1899        )
1900        if is_grouped:
1901            self.logger.log(
1902                VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
1903                "Protocol player %s is grouped",
1904                protocol_player.state.name,
1905            )
1906        return is_grouped
1907
1908    def _translate_members_to_remove_for_protocols(
1909        self,
1910        parent_player: Player,
1911        player_ids: list[str],
1912        parent_protocol_player: Player | None,
1913        parent_protocol_domain: str | None,
1914    ) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]:
1915        """
1916        Translate member IDs to remove into protocol and native lists.
1917
1918        :param parent_player: The parent player to remove members from.
1919        :param player_ids: List of visible player IDs to remove.
1920        :param parent_protocol_player: The parent's protocol player if available.
1921        :param parent_protocol_domain: The parent's protocol domain if available.
1922        """
1923        self.logger.debug(
1924            "Translating members to remove for %s: player_ids=%s, parent_protocol_domain=%s",
1925            parent_player.state.name,
1926            player_ids,
1927            parent_protocol_domain,
1928        )
1929        protocol_members: list[str] = []
1930        native_members: list[str] = []
1931
1932        for child_player_id in player_ids:
1933            child_player = self.get_player(child_player_id)
1934            if not child_player:
1935                continue
1936
1937            # Check if this member is in the parent's group via protocol
1938            if parent_protocol_domain and parent_protocol_player:
1939                child_protocol = child_player.get_output_protocol_by_domain(parent_protocol_domain)
1940                if child_protocol and child_protocol.available:
1941                    # For native protocol players, use the child's player_id directly
1942                    child_protocol_id = (
1943                        child_player.player_id
1944                        if child_protocol.is_native
1945                        else child_protocol.output_protocol_id
1946                    )
1947                    if child_protocol_id in parent_protocol_player.group_members:
1948                        self.logger.debug(
1949                            "Translating removal: %s -> protocol %s",
1950                            child_player_id,
1951                            child_protocol_id,
1952                        )
1953                        protocol_members.append(child_protocol_id)
1954                        continue
1955
1956            # Check if child's protocol player is in parent's native group_members
1957            # This handles native protocol players (e.g., native AirPlay player like Apple TV)
1958            # where the parent itself contains protocol player IDs in its group_members
1959            translated = False
1960            for linked in child_player.linked_output_protocols:
1961                if linked.output_protocol_id in parent_player.group_members:
1962                    self.logger.debug(
1963                        "Translating removal (native parent): %s -> protocol %s",
1964                        child_player_id,
1965                        linked.output_protocol_id,
1966                    )
1967                    native_members.append(linked.output_protocol_id)
1968                    translated = True
1969                    break
1970
1971            if not translated:
1972                native_members.append(child_player_id)
1973
1974        return protocol_members, native_members
1975
1976    def _filter_protocol_members(self, member_ids: list[str], protocol_player: Player) -> list[str]:
1977        """Filter member IDs to only include players from the same protocol domain."""
1978        return [
1979            pid
1980            for pid in member_ids
1981            if (p := self.get_player(pid)) and p.provider.domain == protocol_player.provider.domain
1982        ]
1983
1984    def _filter_native_members(self, member_ids: list[str], parent_player: Player) -> list[str]:
1985        """Filter member IDs to only include players compatible with the parent."""
1986        return [
1987            pid
1988            for pid in member_ids
1989            if (p := self.get_player(pid))
1990            and (
1991                p.provider.instance_id == parent_player.provider.instance_id
1992                or pid in parent_player._attr_can_group_with
1993                or p.provider.instance_id in parent_player._attr_can_group_with
1994            )
1995        ]
1996
1997    def _try_child_preferred_protocol(
1998        self,
1999        child_player: Player,
2000        parent_player: Player,
2001    ) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
2002        """
2003        Try to use child's preferred output protocol for grouping.
2004
2005        Returns tuple of (child_protocol_id, protocol_domain) or (None, None).
2006        """
2007        child_preferred = self.mass.config.get_raw_player_config_value(
2008            child_player.player_id, CONF_PREFERRED_OUTPUT_PROTOCOL
2009        )
2010        if not child_preferred or child_preferred in {"auto", "native"}:
2011            return None, None
2012
2013        # Find child's preferred protocol, with its current availability
2014        child_protocol = None
2015        for output_protocol in child_player.output_protocols:
2016            if output_protocol.output_protocol_id == child_preferred:
2017                child_protocol = output_protocol
2018                break
2019
2020        if not child_protocol or not child_protocol.available:
2021            return None, None
2022
2023        # Check if parent supports this protocol (including native protocol)
2024        parent_protocol = parent_player.get_output_protocol_by_domain(
2025            child_protocol.protocol_domain
2026        )
2027        if not parent_protocol or not parent_protocol.available:
2028            return None, None
2029
2030        # Check if this protocol supports set_members
2031        protocol_player = parent_player.get_protocol_player(parent_protocol.output_protocol_id)
2032        if (
2033            not protocol_player
2034            or PlayerFeature.SET_MEMBERS not in protocol_player.state.supported_features
2035        ):
2036            return None, None
2037
2038        return child_protocol.output_protocol_id, child_protocol.protocol_domain
2039
2040    def _can_use_native_grouping(
2041        self,
2042        child_player: Player,
2043        parent_player: Player,
2044        parent_supports_native: bool,
2045    ) -> bool:
2046        """Check if child can be grouped with parent using native grouping."""
2047        if not parent_supports_native:
2048            return False
2049        return (
2050            child_player.provider.instance_id == parent_player.provider.instance_id
2051            or child_player.player_id in parent_player._attr_can_group_with
2052            or child_player.provider.instance_id in parent_player._attr_can_group_with
2053        )
2054
2055    def _try_find_common_protocol(
2056        self, child_player: Player, parent_player: Player
2057    ) -> tuple[OutputProtocol | None, OutputProtocol | None]:
2058        """
2059        Find common protocol that supports set_members.
2060
2061        Returns tuple of (parent_protocol, child_protocol) or (None, None).
2062        """
2063        for parent_output_protocol in parent_player.output_protocols:
2064            if not parent_output_protocol.available:
2065                continue
2066            child_protocol = child_player.get_output_protocol_by_domain(
2067                parent_output_protocol.protocol_domain
2068            )
2069            if not child_protocol or not child_protocol.available:
2070                continue
2071            protocol_player = parent_player.get_protocol_player(
2072                parent_output_protocol.output_protocol_id
2073            )
2074            if protocol_player and PlayerFeature.SET_MEMBERS in protocol_player.supported_features:
2075                return parent_output_protocol, child_protocol
2076        return None, None
2077
2078    def _parent_has_live_native_session(self, parent_player: Player) -> bool:
2079        """
2080        Return True when the parent currently holds a live native playback session.
2081
2082        The active output protocol lingers for a few seconds after stop, so a non-idle
2083        playback state is required to distinguish a real session from a just-stopped one.
2084        """
2085        return parent_player.active_output_protocol == "native" and (
2086            parent_player.state.playback_state in (PlaybackState.PLAYING, PlaybackState.PAUSED)
2087        )
2088
2089    def _order_members_for_native_join(
2090        self,
2091        player_ids: list[str],
2092        parent_player: Player,
2093        parent_supports_native_grouping: bool,
2094    ) -> list[str]:
2095        """
2096        Order members so a live native session can be joined without splitting the group.
2097
2098        When the parent already holds a live native session, children that cannot group
2099        natively are evaluated first: they may force a shared protocol for the whole group,
2100        and processing them before the native-capable children lets those join that same
2101        protocol instead of being stranded in a separate native sub-group. The order is left
2102        untouched when the parent is not playing natively, so fresh-group selection is unchanged.
2103
2104        :param player_ids: The member IDs to be added, in their original order.
2105        :param parent_player: The parent player being joined.
2106        :param parent_supports_native_grouping: Whether the parent can group natively.
2107        """
2108        if not self._parent_has_live_native_session(parent_player):
2109            return player_ids
2110        return sorted(
2111            player_ids,
2112            key=lambda pid: bool(
2113                (child := self.get_player(pid))
2114                and self._can_use_native_grouping(
2115                    child, parent_player, parent_supports_native_grouping
2116                )
2117            ),
2118        )
2119
2120    def _try_join_active_native_session(
2121        self,
2122        child_player: Player,
2123        parent_player: Player,
2124        parent_protocol_domain: str | None,
2125        parent_supports_native_grouping: bool,
2126        native_members: list[str],
2127    ) -> bool:
2128        """
2129        Add the child to native_members if it can join the parent's active native session.
2130
2131        A child's preferred output protocol must only steer protocol selection when the child
2132        initiates its own playback; when it joins a parent that is already playing natively it
2133        should adopt native grouping if compatible, rather than forcing the whole group onto
2134        the child's preferred protocol. Skipped once a protocol has been selected for the group,
2135        so mixed batches stay cohesive on a single protocol.
2136
2137        :param child_player: The player being added to the group.
2138        :param parent_player: The parent player being joined.
2139        :param parent_protocol_domain: The protocol domain already selected for the group, if any.
2140        :param parent_supports_native_grouping: Whether the parent can group natively.
2141        :param native_members: The native members list to append to when the child joins.
2142        """
2143        if not (
2144            self._parent_has_live_native_session(parent_player)
2145            and not parent_protocol_domain
2146            and self._can_use_native_grouping(
2147                child_player, parent_player, parent_supports_native_grouping
2148            )
2149        ):
2150            return False
2151        native_members.append(child_player.player_id)
2152        self.logger.log(
2153            VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2154            "Joining parent's active native session for %s",
2155            child_player.state.name,
2156        )
2157        return True
2158
2159    def _translate_native_members_to_protocol(
2160        self, parent_player: Player, protocol_domain: str, member_ids: list[str]
2161    ) -> list[str]:
2162        """
2163        Translate natively grouped members onto the protocol domain the parent plays through.
2164
2165        Members that do not have that protocol cannot follow the parent at all and are
2166        dropped with a warning instead.
2167
2168        :param parent_player: The parent player the members are grouped with.
2169        :param protocol_domain: The protocol domain selected for the group.
2170        :param member_ids: The member IDs that were selected for native grouping.
2171        """
2172        translated: list[str] = []
2173        for member_id in member_ids:
2174            member_player = self.get_player(member_id)
2175            if not member_player:
2176                continue
2177            # a native group's members may be listed by their protocol player id
2178            if member_player.protocol_parent_id:
2179                member_player = self.get_player(member_player.protocol_parent_id) or member_player
2180            member_protocol = member_player.get_output_protocol_by_domain(protocol_domain)
2181            if not member_protocol or not member_protocol.available:
2182                self.logger.warning(
2183                    "Cannot group %s with %s: the group plays through the %s protocol, "
2184                    "which %s does not support",
2185                    member_player.state.name,
2186                    parent_player.state.name,
2187                    protocol_domain,
2188                    member_player.state.name,
2189                )
2190                continue
2191            # For native protocol players, use the member's player_id directly
2192            translated.append(
2193                member_player.player_id
2194                if member_protocol.is_native
2195                else member_protocol.output_protocol_id
2196            )
2197            self.logger.log(
2198                VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2199                "Moving %s from native grouping to the %s protocol",
2200                member_player.state.name,
2201                protocol_domain,
2202            )
2203        return translated
2204
2205    def _move_native_members_to_group_protocol(
2206        self,
2207        parent_player: Player,
2208        parent_protocol_player: Player | None,
2209        parent_protocol_domain: str | None,
2210        protocol_members: list[str],
2211        native_members: list[str],
2212    ) -> None:
2213        """
2214        Move the members selected for native grouping onto the protocol the group ended up on.
2215
2216        Does nothing unless the group ends up on one of the parent's protocols while the
2217        parent's native grouping needs the parent's own stream: only then do those members
2218        have no session left to attach to.
2219
2220        :param parent_player: The parent player being joined.
2221        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player selected for the group, if any.
2222        :param parent_protocol_domain: The protocol domain selected for the group, if any.
2223        :param protocol_members: The protocol member list the translated IDs are added to.
2224        :param native_members: The native member IDs, emptied when they are moved over.
2225        """
2226        if not (
2227            native_members
2228            and parent_protocol_domain
2229            and parent_protocol_player
2230            and parent_protocol_player.player_id != parent_player.player_id
2231            and parent_player.native_grouping_requires_own_stream
2232        ):
2233            return
2234        protocol_members.extend(
2235            self._translate_native_members_to_protocol(
2236                parent_player, parent_protocol_domain, native_members
2237            )
2238        )
2239        native_members.clear()
2240
2241    def _migrate_stranded_native_members(
2242        self,
2243        parent_player: Player,
2244        parent_protocol_player: Player,
2245        protocol_members: list[str],
2246    ) -> list[str]:
2247        """
2248        Move the native members that a switch to the given protocol strands onto that protocol.
2249
2250        Returns the member IDs that are still attached to the parent's own stream, so the
2251        caller can release them from it. Empty unless the parent renders that stream itself
2252        while its native grouping attaches the members to exactly that stream: only then are
2253        they left without anything to play.
2254
2255        :param parent_player: The parent player that is about to switch protocol.
2256        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player the parent will render through.
2257        :param protocol_members: The protocol member list the translated IDs are added to.
2258        """
2259        if parent_protocol_player.player_id == parent_player.player_id:
2260            return []
2261        if not parent_player.native_grouping_requires_own_stream:
2262            return []
2263        if parent_player.active_output_protocol not in (None, "native"):
2264            return []
2265        if parent_player.state.playback_state not in (PlaybackState.PLAYING, PlaybackState.PAUSED):
2266            return []
2267        stranded = [
2268            member_id
2269            for member_id in parent_player.group_members
2270            if member_id != parent_player.player_id
2271        ]
2272        for protocol_id in self._translate_native_members_to_protocol(
2273            parent_player, parent_protocol_player.provider.domain, stranded
2274        ):
2275            if protocol_id not in protocol_members:
2276                protocol_members.append(protocol_id)
2277        return stranded
2278
2279    async def _stop_native_session(
2280        self,
2281        parent_player: Player,
2282        parent_protocol_player: Player,
2283        stranded_native_members: list[str],
2284    ) -> None:
2285        """
2286        Release the given members from the parent's own stream and stop it.
2287
2288        :param parent_player: The parent player whose native session is handed over.
2289        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player taking the output over.
2290        :param stranded_native_members: The members to release, already migrated.
2291        """
2292        self.logger.debug(
2293            "Stopping the native session of %s before switching to %s, migrated members: %s",
2294            parent_player.state.name,
2295            parent_protocol_player.state.name,
2296            stranded_native_members,
2297        )
2298        # The members already joined the protocol group, so the native session only has to
2299        # release them and stop. Releasing them first also clears the native group, which
2300        # keeps a later native playback command from resurrecting it. Both calls take the
2301        # provider's own lock, so they must run one after the other.
2302        await parent_player.set_members(player_ids_to_remove=stranded_native_members)
2303        await parent_player.stop()
2304
2305    def _translate_members_for_protocols(
2306        self,
2307        parent_player: Player,
2308        player_ids: list[str],
2309        parent_protocol_player: Player | None,
2310        parent_protocol_domain: str | None,
2311    ) -> tuple[list[str], list[str], Player | None, str | None]:
2312        """
2313        Translate member IDs to protocol or native IDs.
2314
2315        The grouping method is picked per member, see _select_grouping_for_member.
2316
2317        Returns tuple of (protocol_members, native_members, protocol_player, protocol_domain).
2318        """
2319        protocol_members: list[str] = []
2320        native_members: list[str] = []
2321        parent_supports_native_grouping = (
2322            PlayerFeature.SET_MEMBERS in parent_player.supported_features
2323        )
2324        player_ids = self._order_members_for_native_join(
2325            player_ids, parent_player, parent_supports_native_grouping
2326        )
2327
2328        self.logger.log(
2329            VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2330            "Translating members for %s: parent_supports_native=%s, parent_protocol=%s (%s)",
2331            parent_player.state.name,
2332            parent_supports_native_grouping,
2333            parent_protocol_player.state.name if parent_protocol_player else "none",
2334            parent_protocol_domain or "none",
2335        )
2336
2337        for child_player_id in player_ids:
2338            child_player = self.get_player(child_player_id)
2339            if not child_player:
2340                continue
2341
2342            self.logger.log(
2343                VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2344                "Processing child %s (type=%s, protocols=%s)",
2345                child_player.state.name,
2346                child_player.state.type,
2347                [p.protocol_domain for p in child_player.output_protocols],
2348            )
2349
2350            parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain = self._select_grouping_for_member(
2351                child_player,
2352                parent_player,
2353                parent_protocol_player,
2354                parent_protocol_domain,
2355                parent_supports_native_grouping,
2356                protocol_members,
2357                native_members,
2358            )
2359
2360        # Post-pass: the protocol selected for the group is only known once every child has
2361        # been processed, so the members picked for native grouping are corrected here.
2362        self._move_native_members_to_group_protocol(
2363            parent_player,
2364            parent_protocol_player,
2365            parent_protocol_domain,
2366            protocol_members,
2367            native_members,
2368        )
2369
2370        return protocol_members, native_members, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2371
2372    def _select_grouping_for_member(
2373        self,
2374        child_player: Player,
2375        parent_player: Player,
2376        parent_protocol_player: Player | None,
2377        parent_protocol_domain: str | None,
2378        parent_supports_native_grouping: bool,
2379        protocol_members: list[str],
2380        native_members: list[str],
2381    ) -> tuple[Player | None, str | None]:
2382        """
2383        Pick the grouping method for a single member and add it to the matching member list.
2384
2385        Selection priority when grouping:
2386        0. If the parent is already playing natively and the child can be grouped
2387           natively, join that native session (a child joining an existing group must
2388           not force the whole group onto its own preferred output protocol)
2389        1. Try child's preferred output protocol (from player settings)
2390        2. Try parent's active output protocol (if any and child supports it)
2391        3. Try native grouping (if parent and child are compatible)
2392        4. Search for common protocol that supports set_members
2393        5. Log warning if no option works
2394
2395        Returns the protocol player/domain the group is on, which the picked method may have
2396        changed.
2397
2398        :param child_player: The player being added to the group.
2399        :param parent_player: The parent player being joined.
2400        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player selected for the group so far, if any.
2401        :param parent_protocol_domain: The protocol domain selected for the group so far, if any.
2402        :param parent_supports_native_grouping: Whether the parent can group natively.
2403        :param protocol_members: The protocol member list to append to.
2404        :param native_members: The native member list to append to.
2405        """
2406        # Priority 0: The parent is already playing natively and the child can join
2407        # that native session directly - adopt it before considering the child's own
2408        # preferred output protocol.
2409        if self._try_join_active_native_session(
2410            child_player,
2411            parent_player,
2412            parent_protocol_domain,
2413            parent_supports_native_grouping,
2414            native_members,
2415        ):
2416            return parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2417
2418        # Priority 1: the child's preferred output protocol
2419        grouped, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain = (
2420            self._try_group_via_preferred_protocol(
2421                child_player,
2422                parent_player,
2423                parent_protocol_player,
2424                parent_protocol_domain,
2425                protocol_members,
2426            )
2427        )
2428        if grouped:
2429            return parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2430
2431        # Priority 2: the protocol the group is already on
2432        grouped, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain = (
2433            self._try_group_via_active_protocol(
2434                child_player,
2435                parent_protocol_player,
2436                parent_protocol_domain,
2437                protocol_members,
2438            )
2439        )
2440        if grouped:
2441            return parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2442
2443        # Priority 3: native grouping
2444        if self._can_use_native_grouping(
2445            child_player, parent_player, parent_supports_native_grouping
2446        ):
2447            native_members.append(child_player.player_id)
2448            self.logger.log(
2449                VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2450                "Using native grouping for %s",
2451                child_player.state.name,
2452            )
2453            return parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2454
2455        # Priority 4: a protocol both players share that supports set_members
2456        grouped, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain = (
2457            self._try_group_via_common_protocol(
2458                child_player,
2459                parent_player,
2460                parent_protocol_player,
2461                parent_protocol_domain,
2462                protocol_members,
2463            )
2464        )
2465        if grouped:
2466            return parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2467
2468        # Priority 5: no option worked
2469        self.logger.warning(
2470            "Cannot group %s with %s: no compatible grouping method found "
2471            "(tried: child preferred protocol, parent active protocol, "
2472            "native grouping, common protocols)",
2473            child_player.state.name,
2474            parent_player.state.name,
2475        )
2476        return parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2477
2478    def _try_group_via_preferred_protocol(
2479        self,
2480        child_player: Player,
2481        parent_player: Player,
2482        parent_protocol_player: Player | None,
2483        parent_protocol_domain: str | None,
2484        protocol_members: list[str],
2485    ) -> tuple[bool, Player | None, str | None]:
2486        """
2487        Try to group the child through the output protocol it prefers in its player settings.
2488
2489        Only used when the group is not on a protocol yet or is already on that same protocol.
2490        Returns whether the child was grouped, together with the protocol player/domain the
2491        group is on: the child's preferred protocol may become the group's protocol.
2492
2493        :param child_player: The player being added to the group.
2494        :param parent_player: The parent player being joined.
2495        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player selected for the group so far, if any.
2496        :param parent_protocol_domain: The protocol domain selected for the group so far, if any.
2497        :param protocol_members: The protocol member list to append to.
2498        """
2499        child_protocol_id, protocol_domain = self._try_child_preferred_protocol(
2500            child_player, parent_player
2501        )
2502        if not (
2503            child_protocol_id
2504            and protocol_domain
2505            and (not parent_protocol_domain or protocol_domain == parent_protocol_domain)
2506        ):
2507            return False, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2508
2509        if not parent_protocol_player or parent_protocol_domain != protocol_domain:
2510            parent_protocol = parent_player.get_output_protocol_by_domain(protocol_domain)
2511            if parent_protocol:
2512                parent_protocol_player = parent_player.get_protocol_player(
2513                    parent_protocol.output_protocol_id
2514                )
2515                parent_protocol_domain = protocol_domain
2516        protocol_members.append(child_protocol_id)
2517        self.logger.log(
2518            VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2519            "Using child's preferred protocol %s for %s",
2520            protocol_domain,
2521            child_player.state.name,
2522        )
2523        return True, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2524
2525    def _try_group_via_active_protocol(
2526        self,
2527        child_player: Player,
2528        parent_protocol_player: Player | None,
2529        parent_protocol_domain: str | None,
2530        protocol_members: list[str],
2531    ) -> tuple[bool, Player | None, str | None]:
2532        """
2533        Try to group the child through the protocol the group is already on.
2534
2535        Returns whether the child was grouped, together with the protocol player/domain the
2536        group is on: the selection is dropped when that protocol cannot group members itself,
2537        so a later grouping method can select another one.
2538
2539        :param child_player: The player being added to the group.
2540        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player selected for the group so far, if any.
2541        :param parent_protocol_domain: The protocol domain selected for the group so far, if any.
2542        :param protocol_members: The protocol member list to append to.
2543        """
2544        if not parent_protocol_domain or not parent_protocol_player:
2545            return False, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2546
2547        if PlayerFeature.SET_MEMBERS not in parent_protocol_player.state.supported_features:
2548            self.logger.log(
2549                VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2550                "Parent's active protocol %s does not support SET_MEMBERS, "
2551                "will search for alternative",
2552                parent_protocol_domain,
2553            )
2554            # Drop the selection so a later grouping method can select a new protocol
2555            return False, None, None
2556
2557        child_protocol = child_player.get_output_protocol_by_domain(parent_protocol_domain)
2558        if not child_protocol or not child_protocol.available:
2559            return False, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2560
2561        # For native protocol players, use the child's player_id directly
2562        # (e.g., a native sendspin web player IS the protocol player)
2563        child_protocol_id = (
2564            child_player.player_id
2565            if child_protocol.is_native
2566            else child_protocol.output_protocol_id
2567        )
2568        protocol_members.append(child_protocol_id)
2569        self.logger.log(
2570            VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2571            "Using parent's active protocol %s for %s",
2572            parent_protocol_domain,
2573            child_player.state.name,
2574        )
2575        return True, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2576
2577    def _try_group_via_common_protocol(
2578        self,
2579        child_player: Player,
2580        parent_player: Player,
2581        parent_protocol_player: Player | None,
2582        parent_protocol_domain: str | None,
2583        protocol_members: list[str],
2584    ) -> tuple[bool, Player | None, str | None]:
2585        """
2586        Try to group the child through a protocol both players share.
2587
2588        Returns whether the child was grouped, together with the protocol player/domain the
2589        group is on: the shared protocol may become the group's protocol.
2590
2591        :param child_player: The player being added to the group.
2592        :param parent_player: The parent player being joined.
2593        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player selected for the group so far, if any.
2594        :param parent_protocol_domain: The protocol domain selected for the group so far, if any.
2595        :param protocol_members: The protocol member list to append to.
2596        """
2597        parent_protocol, child_protocol = self._try_find_common_protocol(
2598            child_player, parent_player
2599        )
2600        if not parent_protocol or not child_protocol:
2601            return False, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2602
2603        if not parent_protocol_player or parent_protocol_domain != parent_protocol.protocol_domain:
2604            parent_protocol_player = parent_player.get_protocol_player(
2605                parent_protocol.output_protocol_id
2606            )
2607            if parent_protocol_player:
2608                parent_protocol_domain = parent_protocol_player.provider.domain
2609        # For native protocol players, use the child's player_id directly
2610        child_protocol_id = (
2611            child_player.player_id
2612            if child_protocol.is_native
2613            else child_protocol.output_protocol_id
2614        )
2615        protocol_members.append(child_protocol_id)
2616        self.logger.log(
2617            VERBOSE_LOG_LEVEL,
2618            "Selected common protocol %s for grouping %s with %s",
2619            parent_protocol.protocol_domain,
2620            child_player.state.name,
2621            parent_player.state.name,
2622        )
2623        return True, parent_protocol_player, parent_protocol_domain
2624
2625    async def _forward_protocol_set_members(
2626        self,
2627        parent_player: Player,
2628        parent_protocol_player: Player,
2629        protocol_members_to_add: list[str],
2630        protocol_members_to_remove: list[str],
2631    ) -> None:
2632        """
2633        Forward protocol members to protocol player's set_members and manage active output protocol.
2634
2635        :param parent_player: The parent player (native/universal).
2636        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player to forward commands to.
2637        :param protocol_members_to_add: Protocol player IDs to add.
2638        :param protocol_members_to_remove: Protocol player IDs to remove.
2639        """
2640        filtered_protocol_add = self._filter_protocol_members(
2641            protocol_members_to_add, parent_protocol_player
2642        )
2643        filtered_protocol_remove = self._filter_protocol_members(
2644            protocol_members_to_remove, parent_protocol_player
2645        )
2646        self.logger.debug(
2647            "Protocol grouping on %s: filtered_add=%s, filtered_remove=%s",
2648            parent_protocol_player.state.name,
2649            filtered_protocol_add,
2650            filtered_protocol_remove,
2651        )
2652
2653        if not filtered_protocol_add and not filtered_protocol_remove:
2654            return
2655
2656        # Safety check: verify protocol player supports SET_MEMBERS
2657        if PlayerFeature.SET_MEMBERS not in parent_protocol_player.state.supported_features:
2658            self.logger.error(
2659                "Protocol player %s does not support SET_MEMBERS, cannot perform grouping. "
2660                "This should have been caught earlier in the flow.",
2661                parent_protocol_player.state.name,
2662            )
2663            return
2664
2665        # Members that ride the parent's own stream are stranded by the protocol switch below,
2666        # so they join the protocol group in this very same call and their native session is
2667        # torn down afterwards.
2668        stranded_native_members = (
2669            self._migrate_stranded_native_members(
2670                parent_player, parent_protocol_player, filtered_protocol_add
2671            )
2672            if filtered_protocol_add
2673            else []
2674        )
2675
2676        # This runs before set_members because a member's own stream starts inside that call
2677        # and the provider resolves the member's volume control as it starts: unless its parent
2678        # already points at this protocol, that resolution picks a sibling interface of the same
2679        # device (e.g. its cast side) over the one carrying the audio.
2680        self._activate_protocol_on_added_children(filtered_protocol_add)
2681
2682        self.logger.debug(
2683            "Calling set_members on protocol player %s with add=%s, remove=%s",
2684            parent_protocol_player.state.name,
2685            filtered_protocol_add,
2686            filtered_protocol_remove,
2687        )
2688        await parent_protocol_player.set_members(
2689            player_ids_to_add=filtered_protocol_add or None,
2690            player_ids_to_remove=filtered_protocol_remove or None,
2691        )
2692
2693        if filtered_protocol_add:
2694            await self._activate_group_output_protocol(
2695                parent_player, parent_protocol_player, stranded_native_members
2696            )
2697
2698        self.logger.debug(
2699            "After set_members, protocol player %s state: group_members=%s, synced_to=%s",
2700            parent_protocol_player.state.name,
2701            parent_protocol_player.group_members,
2702            parent_protocol_player.synced_to,
2703        )
2704
2705    def _activate_protocol_on_added_children(self, protocol_member_ids: list[str]) -> None:
2706        """
2707        Point the parent of each given protocol member at the protocol carrying the group audio.
2708
2709        :param protocol_member_ids: The protocol player IDs joining the group.
2710        """
2711        for child_protocol_id in protocol_member_ids:
2712            if not (child_protocol := self.get_player(child_protocol_id)):
2713                continue
2714            if not child_protocol.protocol_parent_id:
2715                continue
2716            if not (child_player := self.get_player(child_protocol.protocol_parent_id)):
2717                continue
2718            if child_player.active_output_protocol == child_protocol_id:
2719                continue
2720            self.logger.debug(
2721                "Setting active output protocol on child %s to %s",
2722                child_player.state.name,
2723                child_protocol_id,
2724            )
2725            child_player.set_active_output_protocol(child_protocol_id)
2726
2727    async def _activate_group_output_protocol(
2728        self,
2729        parent_player: Player,
2730        parent_protocol_player: Player,
2731        stranded_native_members: list[str],
2732    ) -> None:
2733        """
2734        Mark the given protocol as the parent's output and hand the playback over to it.
2735
2736        The handover only runs when the parent is actually switching protocol while it is
2737        rendering; playback is resumed only for a parent that was playing, so adding a member
2738        never starts playback on its own.
2739
2740        :param parent_player: The parent player that just gained protocol members.
2741        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player the members joined.
2742        :param stranded_native_members: The members left without a stream by the switch.
2743        """
2744        previous_protocol = parent_player.active_output_protocol
2745        was_playing = parent_player.state.playback_state == PlaybackState.PLAYING
2746        # A paused player still holds its output, so the handover has to run for it too.
2747        was_rendering = was_playing or parent_player.state.playback_state == PlaybackState.PAUSED
2748
2749        # Native protocol: parent_protocol_player is the same as parent_player
2750        is_native_protocol = parent_protocol_player.player_id == parent_player.player_id
2751        already_using_native = previous_protocol in (None, "native")
2752        already_using_this_protocol = previous_protocol == parent_protocol_player.player_id
2753        switching_protocols = not (
2754            (is_native_protocol and already_using_native) or already_using_this_protocol
2755        )
2756
2757        self.logger.debug(
2758            "Protocol grouping: is_native=%s, already_native=%s, already_this=%s, "
2759            "switching=%s, was_rendering=%s",
2760            is_native_protocol,
2761            already_using_native,
2762            already_using_this_protocol,
2763            switching_protocols,
2764            was_rendering,
2765        )
2766
2767        if not (is_native_protocol and already_using_native):
2768            parent_player.set_active_output_protocol(parent_protocol_player.player_id)
2769
2770        if not (was_rendering and switching_protocols):
2771            return
2772
2773        self.logger.info(
2774            "Handing the output of %s over to the %s protocol%s",
2775            parent_player.state.name,
2776            parent_protocol_player.provider.domain,
2777            " and resuming playback" if was_playing else "",
2778        )
2779        if stranded_native_members:
2780            await self._stop_native_session(
2781                parent_player, parent_protocol_player, stranded_native_members
2782            )
2783        old_parent_members = await self._stop_previous_protocol(
2784            parent_player, parent_protocol_player, previous_protocol
2785        )
2786        if was_playing:
2787            await self.mass.players.cmd_resume(parent_player.player_id)
2788        if old_parent_members:
2789            self.logger.debug(
2790                "Re-adding migrated members %s to %s on new protocol",
2791                old_parent_members,
2792                parent_player.state.name,
2793            )
2794            # Use internal handler because we are already inside a
2795            # _handle_set_members call chain that holds the play lock.
2796            await self.mass.players._handle_set_members(
2797                parent_player,
2798                player_ids_to_add=old_parent_members,
2799            )
2800
2801    async def _stop_previous_protocol(
2802        self,
2803        parent_player: Player,
2804        parent_protocol_player: Player,
2805        previous_protocol: str | None,
2806    ) -> list[str]:
2807        """
2808        Stop the protocol player the parent was rendering through and return its members.
2809
2810        The returned IDs are parent player IDs, so the caller can re-add them to the group
2811        once the new protocol carries the audio. Empty if there is nothing to hand over.
2812
2813        :param parent_player: The parent player that is switching protocol.
2814        :param parent_protocol_player: The protocol player taking the output over.
2815        :param previous_protocol: The parent's previous active output protocol, if any.
2816        """
2817        if previous_protocol in (None, "native"):
2818            return []
2819        if not (old_protocol_player := self.get_player(previous_protocol)):
2820            return []
2821        if old_protocol_player.player_id == parent_protocol_player.player_id:
2822            return []
2823        # Translate the old protocol's child members back to parent player IDs
2824        old_parent_members: list[str] = []
2825        for member_id in old_protocol_player.group_members:
2826            if member_id == old_protocol_player.player_id:
2827                continue
2828            if not (member_player := self.get_player(member_id)):
2829                continue
2830            parent_id = member_player.protocol_parent_id or member_id
2831            if parent_id != parent_player.player_id:
2832                old_parent_members.append(parent_id)
2833        self.logger.debug(
2834            "Stopping old protocol player %s before switching to %s, migrating members: %s",
2835            old_protocol_player.state.name,
2836            parent_protocol_player.state.name,
2837            old_parent_members,
2838        )
2839        # Use internal handler to stop the specific protocol player,
2840        # bypassing group/sync redirect and queue redirect logic.
2841        await self.mass.players._handle_cmd_stop(old_protocol_player.player_id)
2842        return old_parent_members
2843